Population ecology and prey consumption by fathead minnows in prairie wetlands: importance of detritus and larval fish     

B. R. Herwig  K. D. Zimmer 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2007,16(3):282-294

Abstract –  The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas occurs in high densities in wetlands of the prairie pothole region (PPR) of North America, but food resources sustaining these populations are poorly known. We assessed population dynamics and prey consumption of fathead minnow populations in three PPR wetlands for 2 years. Fish density peaked at 107 fish per m² for all age classes combined. Larval and juvenile fish dominated these populations in terms of abundance and accounted for 83% of total prey consumption. Detritus dominated fish diets, representing 53%, 40% and 79% of diet mass for larval, juvenile and adult fish respectively. Detritus consumption was positively related to minnow density and negatively related to invertebrate abundance, but only for adult fish. Seasonal production:biomass ratios were unrelated to proportions of detritus in the diet for all ages of fish, indicating that detritus is an important food resource capable of meeting metabolic demands and sustaining fish growth in high-density populations. Detritus consumption may also weaken links between abundance of invertebrate prey and minnows, promoting dense fish populations with strong, consistent influences on wetland ecosystems.  相似文献   

Geographical information system (GIS) environmental models for aquaculture development in Sinaloa State,Mexico     

José Aguilar-Manjarrez  Lindsay G. Ross 《Aquaculture International》1995,3(2):103-115

This paper describes the use of a geographical information system (GIS) to construct environmental models for land-based aquaculture development in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Based on the source data, submodels were created focusing on three different themes: general environmental issues, water resources and water quality. Models enabled multicriteria and multiobjective decision making concerning site selection and location. In assessing site considerations these general models identified wider resource management options and solved conflicts of land allocation and land use between aquaculture and agriculture. Smaller-scale, more specific models enabled more detailed studies on environmental issues.  相似文献   

Remedies for pseudoreplication   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Russell B. Millar  Marti J. Anderson 《Fisheries Research》2004,70(2-3):397-407

Pseudoreplication is the failure of a statistical analysis to properly incorporate the true structure of randomness present in the data. It has been well documented and studied in the ecological literature but has received little attention in the fisheries literature. Avoiding pseudoreplication in analyses of fisheries data can be difficult due to the complexity of the statistical procedures required. However, recent developments in statistical methodology are decreasing the extent to which pseudoreplication has to be tolerated. Seven examples are given here, beginning with simple design-based remedies and progressing to more challenging examples including the model-based remedies of mixed-effects modelling, generalized linear mixed models, state-space models, and geostatistics.  相似文献   

A model ensemble approach to determine the humus building efficiency of organic amendments in incubation experiments     

Anton A. Gasser  Julius Diel  Kerstin Nielsen  Paul Mewes  Christof Engels  Uwe Franko 《Soil Use and Management》2022,38(1):179-190

Organic amendments are important to sustain soil organic matter (SOM) and soil functions in agricultural soils. Information about the contribution of organic amendments to SOM can be derived from incubation experiments. In this study, data from 72 incubated organic amendments including plant residues, digestates and manure were analysed. The incubation data was compiled from three experimental setups with varying incubation times, soils and incubation temperatures, in which CO₂ release was measured continuously. The analysis of the incubation data was performed with an approach relying on conceptual parts of C-TOOL, CCB, Century, ICBM, RothC and Yasso which are all well-approved first-order carbon models that differ in structure and abstraction level. All models are an approximation of reality, whereby each model differs in understanding of the processes involved in soil carbon dynamics. To accumulate the advantages from each model a model ensemble was performed for each substrate. With the ability of each carbon model to compute the distribution of carbon into specific SOM pools a new approach for evaluating organic amendments in terms of humus building efficiency is presented that, depends on the weighted model fit of each ensemble member. Depending on the organic substrate added to the soil, the time course of CO₂ release in the incubation studies was predicted with different accuracy by the individual model concepts. Averaging the output of the individual models leads to more robust prediction of SOM dynamics. The E_HUM value is easy to interpret and the results are in accordance with the literature.  相似文献   

液力偶合器三维涡识别方法及流场时空演化   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

柴博森  张进  吕恒升  闫东  杨昊旻  丛皓 《农业工程学报》2022,38(12):32-40

精细刻画液力偶合器内部非定常多尺度三维涡结构对于揭示液力偶合器流场时空演化规律与能量损耗机理具有重要意义。该研究基于计算流体动力学理论,采用应力混合涡湍流模型多尺度解析模拟制动工况下液力偶合器三维旋涡流场。通过3种不同的涡识别方法提取涡轮内部多尺度涡系结构,从空间重构效果、阈值选择范围及敏感性角度分析不同涡识别方法的适用性。依托粒子图像测速（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）流场试验验证数值模拟及涡结构辨识结果的准确性与可靠性。围绕三维涡结构特征解析结果和二维流场图谱信息,分析并揭示流道内部湍流的时空演化规律及能量损耗机理。结果表明：Q准则方法的阈值选择盲目性大,难以同时识别强涡与弱涡结构,丢失很多涡结构细节特征,无法准确预测三维涡空间连续性运动趋势;Ω方法能够在阈值范围为0.51～0.59内精确辨识弱涡结构,但涡系空间重构后涡的运动趋势感不强;ΩL方法对阈值不敏感,在阈值范围为0.51～0.67内该方法空间涡系重构效果最好,强涡、弱涡结构特征识别度高。制动工况下涡轮内部整体流动为逆时针大尺度环流,并伴有小尺度涡流等局部流动现象,与主流涡运动相同旋向的旋涡促进主流旋涡运动,相反旋向的旋涡阻碍主流旋涡运动,由于涡的撕裂、破碎、分离、碰撞、摩擦、挤压等作用,导致流体能量损失,以热能形式耗散。研究结果可为液力偶合器结构设计与优化提供理论与技术指导。  相似文献   

梯田对黄土区降雨径流过程的影响及SCS-CN模型应用与改进   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

马勇星  张栋  潘成忠  降亚楠 《农业工程学报》2022,38(12):85-91

梯田改变了流域下垫面,对降雨径流过程势必产生影响,径流曲线模型（Soil Conservation Service Curve Number,SCS-CN）在中国黄土区,特别是梯田分布广泛流域的适用性仍存争议。为此,该研究以位于甘肃天水的罗玉沟流域为研究对象,利用梯田修建前后2个时段（1985-1990年、2000-2010年）的降雨径流实测资料,分析梯田修建对降雨-径流过程的影响,验证SCS-CN模型的适用性,进一步考虑梯田修建的影响针对不同降雨类型分别提出了基于降雨量和平均雨强的模型改进方法。结果表明：1）梯田修建对流域径流过程的影响与降雨强度关系密切。当雨强较小时,梯田显著削减流域洪峰和径流总量,削减幅度均在55%以上;而当降雨量和雨强较大时,梯田削减洪峰和径流总量效果并不显著。总体上,梯田修建后流域平均降雨径流系数显著减小至0.06,减小幅度约54%。2）基于最小二乘法优化与考虑前期土壤含水率修正的SCS-CN模型并不适用于梯田分布广泛流域的径流预报。引入降雨量和平均雨强改进后的模型模拟效果显著提高,此时流域暴雨量级以下和以上降雨事件的初损率分别为0.29和0.02。该研究基于降雨因子改进的模型在梯田分布广泛流域具有一定的适用性,可为流域产流计算及水土保持规划提供参考依据。  相似文献   

南方丘陵区油茶气孔导度模型修正     

夏雄  陈永忠  岳伶俐  马彬  吴友杰 《农业工程学报》2022,38(3):93-102

为探求南方丘陵地区油茶叶片气孔导度最优响应模型,该研究于2020年和2021年对油茶叶片的气孔导度、净光合速率、CO2浓度等参数进行观测,运用9种不同组合的Jarvis模型以及2种不同CO2浓度（叶片CO2浓度和胞间CO2浓度）计算的Ball-Woodrow-Berry（BWB）模型和Ball-Berry-Leuning（BBL）模型对油茶叶片气孔导度进行模拟,并引入油茶叶片叶气温差、气孔内外CO2浓度差对Jarvis模型和BBL模型进行修正和比较。结果表明：去除土壤水分函数提高了Jarvis模型的模拟效果,说明在南方丘陵区利用Jarvis模型时可以忽略土壤水分这一因子的影响。Jarvis-8模型以及用叶片CO2浓度计算出的BWB和BBL模型对油茶气孔导度模拟效果较好。在三种经典模型中,BBL模型的相关系数最大（R2=0.76）,绝对值平均误差最小（0.015）,说明其对油茶气孔导度模拟的效果较好。在引入两种参数后,叶气温差对Jarvis-8模型和BBL模型的模拟效果有所提高,但不显著;气孔内外CO2浓度差对Jarvis-8模型无明显改变,但显著提高了BBL模型的精度,引入气孔内外CO2浓度差后的BBL-C模型相关系数从BBL模型的0.76提高到了0.95,模型斜率非常接近于1（1.004）,模拟结果贴近于实测的气孔导度值,很好地模拟了2020年（R2=0.92）和2021年（R2=0.95）油茶生长关键期的叶片气孔导度值以及不同场景下的油茶气孔导度日变化值。因此推荐引入气孔内外CO2浓度差的 BBL模型作为南方丘陵区油茶叶片气孔导度响应模型。研究结果可为南方丘陵区油茶气孔导度模型选取提供参考依据。  相似文献   

干燥致密土壤在沙粒流冲击下的磨蚀规律     

吴盈盈  刘旭阳  王振亭 《农业工程学报》2022,38(8):315-320

在土壤风蚀过程中,跃移颗粒对表土的冲击磨蚀是公认的一种重要起尘机制。磨蚀体现了跃移沙与土壤相互作用,受沙粒跃移运动参数和土壤力学性质共同控制。然而,现有风蚀模型尚未充分考虑土壤力学性质的地位与作用,缺少磨蚀速率计算公式,亟需从固体力学角度探讨土壤磨蚀规律。该研究借鉴岩石磨蚀模型,针对含水率小于1.5%、体密度大于1.60×103 kg/m3的干燥致密土壤,提出了代表单位时间内的碰撞次数、土壤抗压强度和杨氏模量、入射沙粒动能和密度等综合效应的磨蚀变量;通过标准压缩试验测得黏土、砂土、壤土、砂质黏土、壤质黏土共5种人工均质土壤的抗压强度和杨氏模量的范围分别为0.823～4.092 MPa和0.043～0.149 GPa;利用自行设计的冲击磨蚀试验得到了干燥致密土壤在沙漠沙颗粒流冲击作用下的磨蚀规律,即磨蚀速率是磨蚀变量的线性函数,其斜率与截距分别为3.27×104和-0.027 kg/s。研究结果有助于恰当描述风蚀模型中的土壤力学性质、准确计算风蚀速率,进而服务于农田防护和水土保持工程,并为中国西北干旱区天然地貌和人工建筑风蚀现象的研究提供理论依据与数据支撑。  相似文献   

基于CLUE-S模型县域土地利用情景模拟与碳排放效应分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

顾汉龙  马天骏  钱凤魁  蔡玉梅 《农业工程学报》2022,38(9):288-296

土地利用与变化产生的碳排放是国家温室气体排放清单核算中的重要组成部分。该研究以辽宁省沈阳市法库县为研究区域,基于2013年土地利用现状数据,运用CLUE-S模型对法库县2019年土地利用变化格局进行模拟与验证。在此基础上,通过设置基线情景、农业发展、建设发展、生态保护、土地利用结构优化5种模拟情景预测2030年法库县土地利用分布空间格局及各情景下土地利用碳收支状况。结果表明：1）CLUE-S模型对法库县土地利用格局变化具有良好的模拟能力,Kappa系数为0.989 6,模拟总体精度达到99.14%;2）在5种模拟情景中,土地利用结构优化情景下2030年法库县土地资源利用效果最优,是法库县中长期发展阶段较为适宜的土地利用模式;3）法库县2013-2019年碳排放量增长5.53%。5种模拟情景同2019年相比,除生态保护和农业发展情景外,其余模拟情景下法库县碳排放量均呈现增长趋势,其中土地利用结构优化情景增幅最小,为2.29%。研究结果可为法库县土地利用优化布局、国土空间规划编制及碳减排相关政策制订提供参考依据和决策支持,研究方法也可为其他区域土地利用格局预测及碳收支变化提供借鉴。  相似文献   

改进YOLOv5测量田间小麦单位面积穗数   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

黄硕  周亚男  王起帆  张晗  邱朝阳  康凯  罗斌 《农业工程学报》2022,38(16):235-242

单位面积穗数是决定小麦产量的主要因素之一。针对人工清点小麦穗数的方法容易受主观因素影响、效率低和图像处理方法鲜有进行系统部署等问题,提出一种注意力模块（Convolutional Block Attention Module,CBAM）与YOLOv5相结合的CBAM-YOLOv5网络结构,通过对特征图进行自适应特征细化,实现更准确的单位面积穗数测量。该研究以本地采集小麦图像数据和网络公开小麦图像数据为数据集,设置输入图像分辨率为1 280,得到CBAM-YOLOv5模型,可以达到0.904的F1分数和0.902的平均精度,测试集计数的平均相对误差为2.56%,平均每幅图像耗时0.045 s,综合对比,CBAM-YOLOv5模型具有显著优势。模型放置于服务器,结合手机端软件和辅助装置,形成单位面积穗数测量系统,实现育种小区麦穗图像实时采集、处理和计数,计数的平均相对误差为2.80%,抗环境干扰性强。该研究方法与装置可以实现田间小麦单位面积穗数的实时在线检测,降低主观误差,具有较高的准确率及较强的鲁棒性,为小麦单位面积穗数快速、准确估测提供一种新的技术和装备支撑。  相似文献