免耕法对土壤微生物和生物活性的影响   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18  

殷士学  宋明芝  封克 《土壤学报》1992,29(4):370-376

本文比较常耕和免耕法对土壤微生物和生物学活性的影响.结果表明,连续免耕6-7年的砂壤土中微生物的数量较集中分布于上表层,常耕处理则相对均匀地分布于经常翻动的土层中.0-7cm表层土壤中微生物的优势种群在两种耕法中有一定差异,特别是霉菌.免耕处理0-7cm土壤培养1天的呼吸活性是常耕处理的2.1倍,尿酶活性是常耕处理的1.6倍.但随着土层的加深,免耕处理的呼吸活性、尿酶活性下降很快,至7-14cm处分别下降56%、71%.培养40天时0-7cm土壤无机氮释放量免耕和常耕处理分别为48.1、34.5mgN/kg,而7-14cm土层则分别为21.5、29.1mgN/kg.不加碳源只加入硫铵培养3天土壤中无机氮的减少在10%左右,免耕上表层0-7cm土壤减少较多,反映土壤微生物对无机氮的固定作用.长期免耕使具有高生物学活性的土层变得浅薄,而常耕处理则较为深厚.  相似文献   

氮钾营养对烟叶衰老过程中内源激素与叶绿素含量的影响   总被引：14，自引：5，他引：14  

赵平  林克惠  郑毅 《植物营养与肥料学报》2005,11(3):379-384

采用盆栽试验和田间试验研究了氮钾营养对烟叶衰老过程中内源激素与叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,随着烤烟中位叶片的成熟,氮、钾养分,叶绿素和细胞分裂素(CTK)含量均呈下降趋势,而脱落酸(ABA)含量则呈直线上升趋势。增施氮、钾肥料可以有效改善叶片氮、钾营养水平,增加叶绿素含量,提高叶片CTK含量,降低ABA含量,从而延缓叶片衰老。分析表明,烤烟叶片氮、钾含量与其叶绿素、CTK及CTK/ABA值呈极显著正相关关系,与ABA呈极显著负相关关系。因此,烤烟叶片内源激素的含量及其平衡关系与氮、钾营养关系密切,改变氮、钾肥料用量可以调控烤烟叶片的衰老速度。研究还表明,不论单独增施钾肥还是按比例同时增施氮、磷、钾肥,均可提高烟叶含钾量,尤其在烟叶发育前期效果更为突出,即使在钾素供应充足的情况下,成熟叶片中钾的转移能力依然很强。  相似文献   

Faster anaerobic decomposition of a brittle straw rice mutant: Implications for residue management     

Sarah E. Johnson  Olivyn R. Angeles  Roland J. Buresh 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(7):1880-1892

Rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia is typically grown on submerged soils in intensive cropping systems with only a brief interval between harvest of one crop and planting of the next. Incorporation of crop residues can be challenging because the fallow period between crops is often too short to allow sufficient decomposition. During early stages of anaerobic residue decomposition in flooded soils, plant growth may be inhibited by nutrient immobilization or by the production of potentially toxic organic acids. Straw from a brittle stem mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR68) was tested in a 30-d incubation experiment under continuously flooded conditions in a greenhouse to determine if it would decompose more rapidly than the non-brittle phenotype, thereby allowing shorter fallow time between crops. Brittle straw decomposed faster, as indicated by 51% total C loss as CO₂ or CH₄ within 3 weeks of incorporation, compared with 28% for non-brittle straw. However, brittle straw also produced a significantly higher (P<0.0001) amount of formic, acetic, aconitic, propionic, and butyric acids than non-brittle straw. There was no difference in soil N immobilization pattern between the two straw types, or in P or K availability in the soil, perhaps due to the short duration of the experiment. To maximize the potential advantage of faster decomposition of brittle straw in intensive rice cropping systems, it may be helpful to manage water for sufficient soil aeration to mitigate the negative organic acid and methane production effects.  相似文献   

Animal treading stimulates denitrification in soil under pasture     

John C. Menneer  Stewart Ledgard  Warwick Silvester 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(9):1625-1629

The effects of animal treading on denitrification in a mixed ryegrass-clover pasture were studied. A single treading event of moderate or severe intensity was applied in plots during spring by using dairy cows at varying stocking rates (4.5 cows 100 m⁻² for 1.5 or 2.5 h, respectively). Treading caused a significant short-term 21 days) increase in denitrification. Denitrification rates reached a maximum of 52 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ at 8 days after severe treading compared to 2.3 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ under nil treading. Thereafter, denitrification rates declined, and were similar to non-trodden control plots after 28 days. Soil aeration, was significantly reduced by treading as expressed by water-filled porosity. In addition, soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N concentrations were also increased by treading. We propose that the underlying processes involved in increasing denitrification under treading were two-fold. Firstly, treading caused a temporary (e.g. 3 days after treading) reduction in soil aeration through soil physical damage, and secondly, reduced soil N utilisation prompted by reduced plant growth led to increased soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N availability. This study shows that treading, without the influence of other grazing animal factors (e.g. excretion), can cause a large short-term stimulation of denitrification in grass-clover pastures.  相似文献   

Soil C and N dynamics and maize (Zea may L.) yield as affected by cropping systems and residue management in North-western Pakistan     

Mohammad Shafi  Jehan Bakht  Mohammad Tariq Jan  Zahir Shah 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,94(2):520-529

This paper presents the results of irrigated rotation experiment, conducted in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan, during 1999–2002 to evaluate effects of residues retention, fertilizer N and legumes in crop rotation on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and soil organic fertility. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L) were grown in the winters and mungbean (Vigna radiata) and maize in the summers. Immediately after grain harvest, above-ground residues of all crops were either completely removed (−residue), or spread across the plots and incorporated by chisel plough by disc harrow and rotavator (+residue). Fertlizer N rates were nil or 120 kg ha⁻¹ for wheat and nil or 160 kg ha⁻¹ for maize. Our results indicated that post-harvest incorporation of crop residues significantly (p < 0.05) increased the grain and stover yields of maize during both 2000 and 2001. On average, grain yield was increased by 23.7% and stover yield by 26.7% due to residue incorporation. Residue retention also enhanced N uptake by 28.3% in grain and 45.1% in stover of maize. The soil N fertility was improved by 29.2% due to residue retention. The maize grain and stover yields also responded significantly to the previous legume (chickpea) compared with the previous cereal (wheat) treatment. The legume treatment boosted grain yield of maize by 112% and stover yield by 133% with 64.4% increase in soil N fertility. Similarly, fertilizer N applied to previous wheat showed considerable carry over effect on grain (8.9%) and stover (40.7%) yields of the following maize. Application of fertilizer N to current maize substantially increased grain yield of maize by 110%, stover yield by 167% and soil N fertility by 9.8% over the nil N fertilizer treatment. We concluded from these experiments that returning of crop residues, application of fertilizer N and involvement of legumes in crop rotation greatly improves the N economy of the cropping systems and enhances crop productivity through additional N and other benefits in low N soils. The farmers who traditionally remove residues for fodder and fuel will require demonstration of the relative benefits of residues return to soil for sustainable crop productivity.  相似文献   

Leaching of dissolved organic carbon in soil following anhydrous ammonia application     

D. E. Clay  S. A. Clay  Z. Liu  S. S. Harper 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(1):10-14

The transport of anhydrous NH₃-solubilized soil organic matter from surface to subsurface soils may affect subsurface microbial activity. In the present study we determined the impact of anhydrous NH₃-N fertilizer on organic C solubilization and the propensity of solubilized C to leach with percolating water. In fertilized treatments, anhydrous NH₃ was subsurface-banded at 20g N m^-2 in ridge or valley areas of a ridge tillage system. In contol treatments, 0g N m^-2 was banded into the valley area of a ridge tillage system. Rainfall (17 cm) was applied with a drop-type artificial rainfall simulator 3, 10, and 24 days after the fertilizer application. The treatments were replicated twice. Grid lysimeters (15 by 15 cm) were placed 75 cm below the soil surface of a Brandt silty clay loam (fine-silty over sandy or sandy skeletal mixed Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Lysimeters were used to collect percolating water temporally and spatially. The application of N fertilizer increased dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water when rainfall was applied 3 days after the fertilizer application. However, when the rainfall was applied 24 days after the fertilizer application the dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water was not influenced by anhydrous NH₃ application. The smaller dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water with a longer incubation time were most likely the result of microbial assimilation or respiration of solubilized C.  相似文献   

Nitrogen fixation and beneficial effects of some grain legumes and green-manure crops on rice   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

R. Senaratne  D. S. Ratnasinghe 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(1):49-54

Studies were conducted on paddy soils to ascertain N₂ fixation, growth, and N supplying ability of some green-manure crops and grain legumes. In a 60-day pot trial, sunhemp (Crotalaria juncia) produced a significantly higher dry matter content and N yield than Sesbania sesban, S. rostrata, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), and blackgram (V. mungo), deriving 91% of its N content from the atmosphere. Dry matter production and N yield by the legumes were significantly correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed. In a lowland field study involving sunhemp, blackgram, cowpeas, and mungbean, the former produced the highest stover yield and the stover N content, accumulating 160–250 kg N ha^-1 in 60 days, and showed great promise as a biofertilizer for rice. The grain legumes showed good adaptability to rice-based cropping systems and produced a seed yield of 1125–2080 kg ha^-1, depending on the location, species, and cultivar. Significant inter- and intraspecific differences in the stover N content were evident among the grain legumes, with blackgram having the highest N (104–155 kg N ha^-1). In a trial on sequential cropping, the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) showed a significantly higher N₂ fixation and residual N effect on the succeeding rice crop than cowpeas, blackgram, mungbeans (V. radiata), and pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The growth and N yield of the rice crop were positively correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed by the preceding legume crop.  相似文献   

Effect of encapsulated calcium carbide on dinitrogen,nitrous oxide,methane, and carbon dioxide emissions from flooded rice   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

K. F. Bronson  A. R. Mosier 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,11(2):116-120

Summary The efficiency of N use in flooded rice is usually low, chiefly due to gaseous losses. Emission of CH₄, a gas implicated in global warming, can also be substantial in flooded rice. In a greenhouse study, the nitrification inhibitor encapsulated calcium carbide (a slow-release source of acetylene) was added with 75, 150, and 225 mg of 75 atom % ¹⁵N urea-N to flooded pots containing 18-day-old rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Urea treatments without calcium carbide were included as controls. After the application of encapsulated calcium carbide, 3.6 g N₂, 12.4 g N₂O-N, and 3.6 mg CH₄ were emitted per pot in 30 days. Without calcium carbide, 3.0 mg N₂, 22.8 g N₂O-N, and 39.0 mg CH₄ per pot were emitted during the same period. The rate of N added had a positive effect on N₂ and N₂O emissions, but the effect on CH₄ emissions varied with time. Carbon dioxide emissions were lower with encapsulated calcium carbide than without. The use of encapsulated calcium carbide appears effective in eliminating N₂ losses, and in minimizing emissions of the greenhouse gases N₂O and CH₄ in flooded rice.  相似文献   

RZWQM simulation of long-term crop production, water and nitrogen balances in Northeast Iowa     

L. Ma  R.W. Malone  D.L. Karlen  C.A. Cambardella  L.R. Ahuja 《Geoderma》2007,140(3):247-259

Agricultural system models are tools to represent and understand major processes and their interactions in agricultural systems. We used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with 26 years of data from a study near Nashua, IA to evaluate year to year crop yield, water, and N balances. The model was calibrated using data from one 0.4 ha plot and evaluated by comparing simulated values with data from 29 of the 36 plots at the same research site (six were excluded). The dataset contains measured tile flow that varied considerably from plot to plot so we calibrated total tile flow amount by adjusting a lateral hydraulic gradient term for subsurface lateral flow below tiles for each plot. Keeping all other soil and plant parameters constant, RZWQM correctly simulated year to year variations in tile flow (r² = 0.74) and N loading in tile flow (r² = 0.71). Yearly crop yield variation was simulated with less satisfaction (r² = 0.52 for corn and r² = 0.37 for soybean) although the average yields were reasonably simulated. Root mean square errors (RMSE) for simulated soil water storage, water table, and annual tile flow were 3.0, 22.1, and 5.6 cm, respectively. These values were close to the average RMSE for the measured data between replicates (3.0, 22.4, and 5.7 cm, respectively). RMSE values for simulated annual N loading and residual soil N were 16.8 and 47.0 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, which were much higher than the average RMSE for measurements among replicates (7.8 and 38.8 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively). The high RMSE for N simulation might be caused by high simulation errors in plant N uptake. Simulated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields had high RMSE (1386 and 674 kg ha⁻¹) with coefficient of variations (CV) of 0.19 and 0.25, respectively. Further improvements were needed for better simulating plant N uptake and yield, but overall, results for annual tile flow and annual N loading in tile flow were acceptable.  相似文献   

Biochemical composition and kinetics of C and N mineralization of animal wastes: a typological approach     

Thierry Morvan  Bernard Nicolardot  Léonard Péan 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(6):513-522

Forty-seven different animal wastes were characterized using chemical and organic matter fractionation methods (water extraction and Van Soest method) and 224-day incubation studies to assess their decomposition in soil. Simple correlation and multiple factor analysis were performed to establish relationships between the composition of these wastes and C and N mineralization. Carbon and N contents ranged from 101 to 469 mg C kg⁻¹ dry matter (d.m.) and from 4 to 39 mg N kg⁻¹ d.m. Soluble C and N represented less than 9% of organic C and 1.5% of total N at 20°C, respectively. The C fractions soluble at 100°C or in neutral detergent were larger and represented 14 and 32% of the organic C, respectively. The hemicellulose-like (HEM) and cellulose-like (CEL) fractions contained about 16.5 and 6% of the organic N, respectively. The C distribution in the lignin-like (LIG) and CEL fractions was comparable, but the former contained more N. Carbon mineralization varied from 5 to 62% of the organic C added during the 224-day incubation; 70% of the wastes induced net N mineralization at the end of incubation (from 3 to 51% of organic N). Other wastes induced net soil inorganic N immobilization, from −1 to −31% of the organic N added. Most highly significant correlations were established between the C mineralization and the C present in the water-soluble fraction at 20°C, and the HEM and LIG fractions. Relationships between N mineralization and biochemical characteristics were weak, except with the soluble Van Soest fraction, and highly significant correlations were observed between N mineralization rates calculated at 224 days of incubation and the organic N content or C/N ratio of wastes. Finally, an objective hierarchical classification based on composition criteria and C and N mineralization led to the definition of six different classes of wastes. It permitted differentiation between four composted wastes and intrinsically different wastes (i.e., cattle manures, pig manures, and poultry manures) which could not be objectively regrouped. It also placed some very different types of waste (solid phase from pig slurry separation, pig manures, and composted pig mixtures) in the same class.  相似文献