杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在水稻和稻田中的残留及消解动态     

伍一红  龚道新  张素芳  周圣超 《农业环境保护》2012,(2):278-283

为明确杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在稻田系统的使用安全性,采用田间试验方法,研究了杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在长沙、杭州、贵阳三地水稻中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,该化学灭螺药在三地的稻田水、土壤、稻秆中消解半衰期分别为1.69～3.01、8.66～13.86d和5.33～7.70d。施药后62d糙米中杀螺胺乙醇胺盐的最终残留量均〈1.00mg·kg-1,水稻稻秆中含量最高。在水稻中使用杀螺胺乙醇胺盐70%可湿性粉剂,按推荐剂量900g·hm-（2630a.i.g·hm-2）,最多施药2次,杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在水稻上的安全期为62d。  相似文献   

崇明岛稻麦轮作系统稻田温室气体排放研究     

侯玉兰  王军  陈振楼  王东启  许世远 《农业环境保护》2012,(9):1862-1867

通过静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了崇明岛稻麦轮作地水稻生长季及收割后休耕期（2011年6月至2011年11月）温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的排放、吸收规律及交换量,并运用增温潜势进行了温室效应估算。3种温室气体通量在水稻不同生长阶段有明显差异：稻田除成熟收割期外,其他期均表现为CH4排放源,并在分蘖期达到最大值;N2O除幼苗期表现为汇,其他期均为排放源,并在拔节期达到最大值。温室效应分析得出：水稻田温室气体以CH4和N2O排放为主,二者对全球温室效应的贡献为3.255×103kgCO2·hm-2;由于光合作用,稻田表现为对CO2固定,固定量为2.462×103kgCO·2hm-2;崇明水稻生长季排放温室气体综合GWP值为793kgCO·2hm-2,为温室气体排放源。  相似文献   

水氮耦合对水稻田间氨挥发规律的影响     

肖新  杨露露  邓艳萍  汪建飞 《农业环境保护》2012,(10):2066-2071

在防雨棚池栽试验中应用通气法研究了水氮耦合对稻田土壤氨挥发速率的动态变化及损失量。结果表明,稻田施用氮肥后有明显NH3挥发损失,整个生育期累计氨挥发量为31.67～69.70kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的17.95%～28.64%;不同生育时期氨挥发量的大小依次为返青期〉拔节孕穗期〉分蘖期〉抽穗开花期〉乳熟期,挥发高峰出现在施氮肥后的1～3d内;随着施氮水平增加,田间氨挥发量显著增加。与此同时,稻田水分状况对NH3挥发损失具有重要影响,与常规灌溉模式相比,控制灌溉条件下氨挥发总量和氨挥发损失率均较小,且不同施氮水平间差异显著。就氨挥发损失率而言,在试验条件下水氮耦合效应显著,以控制灌溉模式下施氮量为180kg·hm^-2时的氨挥发损失率最低,为17.59%。  相似文献   

Immobilization of Zinc Fertilizer in Flooded Soils Monitored by Adapted DTPA Soil Test     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):1842-1861

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a persistent problem in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Severe Zn deficiency causes loss of grain yield, and rice grains with low Zn content contribute to human nutritional Zn deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method for use with reduced soils and to assess differences in plant availability of native and fertilizer Zn from oxidized and reduced soils. The DTPA‐extractable Zn decreased by 60% through time after flooding when the extraction was done on field‐moist soil but remained at original levels when air‐dried prior to extraction. In a pot experiment with one calcareous and one noncalcareous soil, moist‐soil DTPA‐extractable Zn and plant Zn uptake both decreased after flooding compared with the oxidized soil treatment for both soils. In the flooded treatment of the calcareous soil, both plant and soil Zn concentrations were equal to or less than critical deficiency levels even after fertilization with 50 kg Zn ha^?1. We concluded that Zn availability measurements for rice at low redox potentials should be made on reduced soil rather than air‐dry soil and that applied Zn fertilizer may become unavailable to plants after flooding.  相似文献   

Increase of Available Phosphorus by Fly‐Ash Application in Paddy Soils     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):1551-1562

Abstract

Fly ash from the coal‐burning industry may be a potential inorganic soil amendment to increase rice productivity and to restore the soil nutrient balance in paddy soil. In this study, fly ash was applied at rates of 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha^?1 in two paddy soils (silt loam in Yehari and loamy sand in Daegok). During rice cultivation, available phosphorus (P) increased significantly with fly ash application, as there was high content of P (786 mg kg^?1) in the applied fly ash. In addition, high content of silicon (Si) and high pH of fly ash contributed to increased available‐P content by ion competition between phosphate and silicate and by neutralization of soil acidity, respectively. With fly‐ash application, water‐soluble P (W‐P) content increased significantly together with increasing aluminum‐bound P (Al‐P) and calcium‐bound P (Ca‐P) fractions. By contrast, iron‐bound P (Fe‐P) decreased significantly because of reduction of iron under the flooded paddy soil during rice cultivation. The present experiment indicated that addition of fly ash had a positive benefit on increasing the P availability.  相似文献   

High-Time Resolution Analysis of Diel Variation in Methane Emission from Flooded Rice Fields     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(10):1620-1628

Methane (CH₄) emission from flooded rice fields was measured hourly over 24 h for rice (Oryza sativa L.) seasons in 2008 and 2009. The objectives of this study were to identify typical diel variation in CH₄ emission and to estimate the best time of day for optimum extrapolation of daily CH₄ emission. Our results showed distinct diel variation in CH₄ emission, which exhibited a maximum at 14:00–15:00 and a minimum at midnight. About 5.2–5.6% of total CH₄ emitted per day (110–160 mg CH₄ m^?2 d^?1) was released at 14:00–15:00. The diel pattern of CH₄ emission resembled that of air temperature (T_a). The T_a coupled with solar radiation could cause a difference in partial pressure of CH₄ (DPPC) through the gas conduit of the plant. The best extrapolation of daily CH₄ emission was achieved with data observed at 10:00–11:00. We concluded that DPPC-induced CH₄ emission is an important mechanism causing diel variation.  相似文献   

Nitrogen Loss from Paddy Field with Different Water and Nitrogen Managements in Taihu Lake Region of China     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(16):2393-2407

High rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer were applied to a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China to maximize crop production. Excessive N input has resulted in serious agricultural nonpoint pollution. Water and N management are two important approaches to regulating N loss from paddy fields. This study aimed to determine N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching from a paddy field during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region. Field experiments with two water and two N managements were conducted. The N exported to the environment through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching from the paddy field was 37.2 kg N ha^?1 to 102 kg N ha^?1, with ammonia volatilization accounting for 69.6% to 83.5% of N loss. Ammonium and dissolved organic N significantly contributed to N loss through runoff and leaching. Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS) significantly decreased N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching. Compared with the N and irrigation water inputs in traditional water and N management, those generated by controlled irrigation and site-specific N management were reduced by 34.6% to 43.0% and 59.2% to 63.3%, respectively. Moreover, the reduction in N and water input in the CS paddy field enabled the maintenance of high rice yield; it significantly increased N use efficiency by 15.1% to 34.9% and decreased the N exported to the environment by ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching by 53.1% to 56.1%. Therefore, the joint application of controlled irrigation and site-specific N management efficiently reduces agricultural nonpoint pollution through N loss from paddy fields.  相似文献   

步进式水田中耕除草机的研制与试验   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

齐龙  马旭  谭祖庭  谭永炘  丘巧东  杨程  张稳成 《农业工程学报》2012,28(14):31-35

为解决水田的除草问题,增加现有机具的作业功能,该文在步进式插秧机底盘结构的基础上,研制了一种步进式水田中耕除草机。该机由步进式插秧机底盘提供动力,主要由机架、传动系统、仿形及耕深调节机构以及复合式除草部件指辊和刀辊等组成,可实现对杂草的拉拔和埋压。田间试验结果表明:该机配备复合式除草部件、工作速度为0.5m/s、除草深度为50mm时,行间除草率为83.7%,伤苗率为4.1%,可在草量多、杂草高的水田中进行有效除草。  相似文献   

南方双季稻区水稻机械化生产燃油消耗影响因素分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

徐丽君  杨敏丽  黄玉祥 《农业工程学报》2012,28(23):33-39

研究影响南方双季稻区水稻机械化生产燃油消耗的因素,有利于减少农业机械化生产环节的燃油消耗量,降低农业生产成本、提高农民收入和保护生态环境。以南方双季稻区120份有效入户调查资料为样本,采用实证研究和对比分析的方法进行研究。结果表明:南方双季稻区水稻机械化生产的燃油消耗量平均为95.08L/hm2,单位面积的燃油消耗量比北方稻区(黑龙江)高11.80%,比稻麦轮作区(江苏)高9.12%,比日本高59.21%;燃油消耗的影响因素按影响程度从大到小排序为:机具作业环境、机具配置合理度、机具性能、机械化技术和机手受教育年限。研究对于降低该区域的燃油消耗量,降低水稻生产成本有重要的意义。  相似文献   

基于多时相MODIS数据监测水、旱作物种植面积及空间分布   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

姜蓝齐  王萍  姜丽霞  宫丽娟  于成龙  李秀芬 《中国农学通报》2021,37(16):108-118

针对农业信息服务中大范围水田、旱田种植面积信息调查业务的现状与需求,以黑龙江省为研究区,通过分析水田、旱田作物发育期特征、MODIS数据植被指数(NDVI、EVI、LSWI)时序特征,引入积温条件分区构建决策规则,提取检测农田与其他、水田与旱田作物种植的空间分布。以实地调查地面验证点对分类结果进行验证,结果表明,分类结果达到了较高的识别精度,分类结果的总体精度为90.68%,Kappa系数为0.81,其中水稻制图精度为81.13%,用户精度为97.73%;旱地制图精度为98.46%,用户精度为87.07%;与不考虑积温条件相比,分类结果总体精度提高了12.77%,水稻制图精度提高了22.57%,旱地制图精度提高了5.94%。本研究通过引入积温条件,提高了大范围水稻、旱地作物提取精度,具有自动化程度高、分类结果稳定的特点。  相似文献