微生物催腐剂对小麦秸秆的催腐效果   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

龙云鹏  王兆龙 《上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)》2013,31(1):41-45

通过培养箱接种试验比较了6种微生物催腐剂对小麦秸杆的降解效果.结果表明,各催腐剂处理均能显著促进小麦秸杆的降解(P＜0.05),其中经哈茨木霉处理的小麦秸杆降解率最高(20.81％),广宇生物腐熟剂处理的小麦秸杆降解率最低(10.84％).催腐剂发酵培养后产生的水溶物比率以巨景土壤调节剂为最高(12.81％),而发酵培养后产生的中性洗涤剂溶解物比率以人元秸秆快腐剂为最高(13.29％),巨景土壤调节剂产生的水溶物与中性洗涤剂溶解物之和最高(25.90％);所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的可溶性糖含量均出现显著下降(P＜0.05),下降幅度为对照的为25.2％(阿姆斯秸秆腐熟剂)～46.6％(巨景土壤调节剂);所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的可溶性蛋白含量均显著上升(P＜0.05),上升幅度为对照的6.6倍(巨景土壤调节剂)～10.6倍(哈茨木霉),所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的离子含量也有显著增加(P＜0.05).综合秸杆降解率和发酵培养后产生的可利用营养物质比率分析,巨景土壤调节剂和人元秸秆快腐剂是小麦秸杆有氧发酵培养较好的微生物催腐剂.  相似文献   

陕西省退耕还林工程区植被覆盖度的变化分析     

范建忠  李登科  周辉 《上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)》2013,(4):207-213

利用MODIS NDVI数据和像元二分模型计算的植被覆盖度,比较分析退耕还林工程区与周边区域、主要土地利用类型、不同坡度耕地植被覆盖度变化程度和趋势。结果表明：（1） 陕西省退耕还林区植被覆盖度从2000年到2011年呈现显著的增长趋势,增长速率高于周边区域;（2） 退耕还林区植被覆盖变化百分率≥10%的面积占79.8%,≤-10%所占面积不及1%;（3） 退耕还林区植被覆盖度显著增加的面积占其总面积的70.6%,显著减少的面积仅占0.1%,植被覆盖度显著增加的情况主要出现在未利用地、草地、林地和耕地,显著和极显著降低的发生在城乡、工矿、居民用地和极少部分耕地;（4） 坡耕地植被覆盖改善比例大,坡耕地植被覆盖改善对于耕地植被改善贡献较大。在陕西省气候呈现暖干化发展趋势背景下,退耕还林区植被覆盖度呈现显著增长趋势,增长速率高于周边区域,坡耕地、林地、草地均比其他类型有明显的增加,退耕还林政策实施区域取得了良好的植被恢复效果。  相似文献   

秸秆还田对设施土壤微生物种群数量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李鑫  池景良  王志学  孙玉禄 《农业科学研究》2013,(4):84-86

对不同年限的秸秆还田土壤样品进行测试,采用培养计数法分析秸秆还田对土壤微生物种群数量的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田能明显增加设施土壤中固氮菌、钾细菌、有机磷细菌的数量,并随施用年限的增加而增加;亦能减少土壤中无机磷细菌的数量。  相似文献   

好食脉孢菌和红酵母协同发酵秸秆产类胡萝卜素的研究     

吴永存  李兰欣  辛嘉英 《农产品加工．学刊》2021,(1)

以好食脉孢菌和红酵母为发酵菌种,通过固态发酵玉米秸秆生产类胡萝卜素。将类胡萝卜素产量作为发酵指标,通过对培养基含水量、培养基初始pH值、氮源添加量、碳源添加量、无机盐添加量、培养基装量的单因素试验和正交试验确定最优培养基条件:秸秆用量10 g,干豆渣(氮源)用量3 g,麸皮(碳源)用量4 g,MgSO4添加量0.4%(与秸秆量比W/W),pH值约为5.5,培养基含水量为60%,培养基装量为12.5 g/250 mL,最佳发酵条件为接种量20%(好食脉孢菌∶红酵母=1∶1),培养温度28℃,培养时间96 h。通过优化后的类胡萝卜素产量为224.75μg/g。  相似文献   

玉米秸秆水溶性物质对白浆土吸附锌离子的影响     

王艳丽  张冬梅  王帅  李春阳  李卓 《中国土壤与肥料》2012,(4):1-5

应用平衡吸附法,研究外源玉米秸秆水溶性物质(WSS)对白浆土吸附Zn2+的影响,影响因素主要包括温度(298 K和318 K)、WSS浓度和接触时间(1～1 440 min)。结果表明:(1)不同温度条件影响下,白浆土对Zn2+的吸附热力学曲线主要包括起始的快速升高、中间的吸附平台和继续升高直至平衡3个阶段,经历电性吸附向配位吸附转变,最终促使二者共存。Langmuir方程能较好描述白浆土对Zn2+的吸附特征,升高温度有利于提高白浆土对Zn2+的最大缓冲容量,另外,白浆土对Zn2+的吸附是非自发、吸热且混乱度增加的过程。(2)玉米秸秆WSS的加入可有效抑制白浆土对Zn2+的吸附固定,减少两者的亲和力,降低白浆土对Zn2+的吸附强度,增大Zn2+在土壤溶液中的移动,有利于提高其植物有效性。(3)随玉米秸秆WSS浓度的增大,白浆土对Zn2+的吸附强度逐渐降低,可采用线性方程较好描述。(4)白浆土对Zn2+的动力学吸附主要包括短期快速吸附和长期慢速吸附两个阶段,第一阶段两个处理的吸附率分别达79.51%和96.80%。玉米秸秆WSS的加入可有效提高短期快速吸附阶段白浆土对Zn2+的吸附率,但同时WSS的加入却减少了白浆土对Zn2+的吸附固定。Elovich和双常数方程描述白浆土对Zn2+的吸附有较为明显的优势,WSS的添加扰乱了白浆土对Zn2+的动力学吸附过程。  相似文献   

Effects of Arsenic‐Contaminated Irrigation Water on Growth,Yield, and Nutrient Concentration in Rice     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):302-313

Abstract

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of different concentrations of arsenic (As) in irrigation water on Boro (dry‐season) rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effects on the following Aman (wet‐season) rice. There were six treatments, with 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg As L^?1 applied as disodium hydrogen arsenate. All the growth and yield parameters of Boro rice responded positively at lower concentrations of up to 0.25 mg As L^?1 in irrigation water but decreased sharply at concentrations more than 0.5 mg As L^?1. Arsenic concentrations in grain and straw of Boro rice increased significantly with increasing concentration of As in irrigation water. The grain As concentration was in the range of 0.25 to 0.97 µg g^?1 and its concentration in rice straw varied from 2.4 to 9.6 µg g^?1 over the treatments. Residual As from previous Boro rice showed a very similar pattern in the following Aman rice, although As concentration in Aman rice grain and straw over the treatments was almost half of the As levels in Boro rice grain. Arsenic concentrations in both grain and straw of Boro and Aman rice were found to correlate with iron and be antagonistic with phosphorus.  相似文献   

Effect of Straw Incorporation on 15N‐Labeled Ammonium Nitrogen Uptake and Rice Growth     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2149-2161

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of rice straw residue on growth and uptake of added ¹⁵N‐labeled ammonium nitrogen (NH₄‐N) (3% ¹⁵N abundance at the rate of 150 kg N ha^?) by rice in Crowley silt loam soil (Typic Albaqualfs). Higher rates of rice straw addition had an adverse affect on plant growth from the first to sixth week. After 6 weeks, the high rice straw treatment had a positive effect on plant growth (P<0.05). The ¹⁵N‐labeled ammonium or fertilizer nitrogen (N) uptake by rice was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the high rice straw treatment as compared to lower rice straw treatments. Greater plant growth was recorded under alternate flooding and draining condition as compared to continuously flooded treatment (P<0.01).  相似文献   

Long-Term Tillage,Straw Management,and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Organic Matter and Mineralizable Carbon and Nitrogen in a Black Chernozem Soil     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(20):2679-2690

Soil, crop, and fertilizer management practices may affect quality of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil. A long-term field experiment (growing barley, wheat, or canola)was conducted on a Black Chernozem (Albic Argicryoll) loam at Ellerslie, Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of 19 years (1980 to 1998) of tillage [zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)], straw management [straw removed (S_Rem) and straw retained (S_Ret)], and N fertilizer rate (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^?1 in S_Ret and 0 kg N ha^?1 in S_Rem plots) on macro-organic matter C (MOM-C) and N (MOM-N), microbial biomass C (MB-C), and mineralizable C (C_min) and N (N_min) in the 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm soil layers. Treatments with N fertilizer and S_Ret generally had a greater mass of MOM-C (by 201 kg C ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 254 kg C ha^?1 with S_Ret), MOM-N (by 12.4 kg N ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 8.0 kg N ha^?1 with S_Ret), C_min(by 146 kg C ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 44 kg C ha^?1 with S_Ret), and N_min(by 7.9 kg N ha^?1 with 100 kg N ha^?1 rate and by 9.0 kg N ha^?1 with S_Ret)in soil than the corresponding zero-N and S_Rem treatments. Tillage, straw, and N fertilizer had no consistent effect on MB-C in soil. Correlations between these dynamic soil organic C or N fractions were strong and significant in most cases, except for MB-C, which had no significant correlation with MOM-C and MOM-N. Linear regressions between crop residue C input and mass of MOM-C, MOM-N, C_min, and N_min in soil were significant, but it was not significant for MB-C. The effects of management practices on dynamic soil organic C and N fractions were more pronounced in the 0- to 7.5-cm surface soil layer than in the 7.5- to 15-cm subsoil layer. In conclusion, the findings suggest that application of N fertilizer and retention of straw would improve soil quality by increasing macro-organic matter and N-supplying power of soil.  相似文献   

Effects of Long-Term Inorganic and Organic Fertilization on Soil Micronutrient Status     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(14):1778-1790

Soil micronutrients were studied on loess soil with an 18-year long-term experiment. The results indicated that total soil iron and copper contents were similar under all treatments, but total soil manganese and zinc contents were significantly greater at the surface soil in the fertilized plots than in the controls, and total manganese contents were significantly greater in the whole soil profile under manure plus inorganic fertilizers than under controls. Generally, application of inorganic fertilizers had no effects on available soil micronutrient contents. The straw plus inorganic fertilizers significantly increased available manganese content at surface soil and available iron in subsurface soils. However, manure plus inorganic fertilizers significantly augmented soil-available iron contents throughout the profile, and raised available manganese, copper, and zinc contents, respectively, at surface soil relative to controls. The results suggest that long-term input of organic amendments alter the properties of soil and increase its plant-available micronutrient contents.  相似文献   

Triticale,wheat, and rye growth rates and mineral accumulation at various growth stages     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1129-1146

Abstract

Cultivars of triticale, wheat, and rye were grown with different N‐fertilizer rates and sampled at various maturity stages in 1975 to 1977. ‘6TA 131’ triticale, ‘Arthur’ wheat, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye were used as checks. Increasing N fertilizer rates increased dry matter and N accumulation in the above‐ground plant parts. However, after flowering losses of dry matter and N from the plants increased with N fertilizer rates. Triticale and rye generally absorbed more N from the soil than wheat. Triticale and wheat straw had higher P concentrations than rye. The head/straw concentration ratios were: triticale and rye>wheat for P, wheat>triticale and rye for K while Ca and Mg ratios were triticale>wheat>rye.  相似文献