有机稻田与常规稻田浮游动物群落比较     

武剑  周小丹  薛文达  彭飞  陈怀锅  许晓风 《江西农业学报》2012,(10):95-97,101

采用田间调查、室内鉴定及生态学分析方法研究了有机稻田和常规稻田浮游动物的组成、丰富度及多样性。结果在有机稻田检测到溞属(Daphnia)、裸腹溞属(Moina)、剑水蚤属(Cyclops)和小剑水蚤属(Microcyclops)浮游动物,而在常规稻田仅检测到3属浮游动物;浮游动物的丰度与多样性指数均表现为有机稻田>田头水沟>常规稻田。表明有机栽培可显著增加稻田生态系统浮游动物的多样性。  相似文献   

种杀菌剂对胶东地区保护地黄瓜霜霉病防治药效试验     

赵明  殷岩 《长江蔬菜》2012,(14):83-85

以烟台地黄瓜为材料,研究了百泰、凯润、安克、克露、乙膦铝和代森锰锌等药剂在发病前和发病后施药对保护地黄瓜霜霉病的预防及防治效果,以及对黄瓜产量的影响。试验结果表明,发病前喷施百泰、凯润效果最好,防效在97%以上;安克、克露、代森锰锌防效次之,防效也高达88%以上;乙膦铝防效较差,为81.00%。发病后喷施凯润防效在93.83%以上,百泰、安克和代森锰锌防效都在80%以上。发病后喷施百泰、凯润和安克比CK(清水)分别增产18.46%、24.36%和22.22%,增产效果明显。因此推荐凯润为防治保护地黄瓜霜霉病的理想药剂,百泰、安克和代森锰锌可以作为保护性杀菌剂使用。  相似文献   

Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil     

Laurin Osterholt  Martin Maier  Dirk Schindler 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(4):e13405

Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non-diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind-induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO₂ concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO₂ profiles (R² = 0.53; p-value <2e-16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO₂ concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO₂ concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head-space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.  相似文献   

洱海流域典型农区不同施肥处理下稻田氨挥发变化特征   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

吴凡  张克强  谢坤  王风  王瑞琦  尹高飞  沈仕洲 《农业环境科学学报》2019,38(8):1735-1742

为探寻洱海流域合理的施肥方式,减少氮肥的氨挥发损失,采用"密闭室间歇通气法",研究了不同氮肥类型及施氮量对稻田氨挥发规律、氨挥发累积量及水稻产量的影响,并探究了影响氨挥发排放的因素。研究结果表明:稻田氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～5 d内,穗肥期氨挥发损失占比最大为19.04%～33.00%,其次分蘖肥期损失为7.18%～15.72%,基肥期损失最少为4.89%～7.76%。不同施肥处理中常规施肥(CF)、化肥减量20%(T1)、单施有机肥(T2)、有机肥与化肥配施(T3)、考虑当季25%矿化率单施有机肥(T4)、考虑当季25%矿化率有机肥与化肥配施(T5)和单施控释肥(T6)的氨挥发累积量分别为42.52、22.73、11.71、15.12、38.24、25.95 kg·hm~(-2)和18.44 kg·hm~(-2)。等量施氮条件下不同肥料类型氨挥发损失占比大小为尿素控释肥有机肥+化肥有机肥。不同施氮量条件下,施氮量越大氨挥发累积量越大,且氨挥发速率与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈正相关性。综合稻田氨挥发累积量及水稻产量,在洱海流域典型农区水稻种植中,有机肥与化肥配施(25%当季矿化率)、化肥减量施用(20%)以及控释肥施用是3种较优的环境友好型施肥方式。  相似文献   

Causes of maize density loss in farmers' fields in Northeast China     

Ying-jie ZHAO  Sen XING  Qing-song ZHANG  Fu-suo ZHANG  Wen-qi MA 《农业科学学报》2019,18(8):1680-1689

Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers' fields.To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density(HPD), we studied 60 farmers' fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density(ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers' fields was 59 699 plants ha~(–1), which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density(MSD; 67 962 plants ha~(–1)) and theoretical plant density(TPD; 67 467 plants ha~(–1)). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore,the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds,and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers' limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.  相似文献   

高压脉冲电场对调理牛肉杀菌效果的研究     

李霜  李诚  陈安均  刘爱平  刘韫滔  闫格  袁亮  伍币 《核农学报》2019,33(4):722-731

为了探究高压脉冲电场(PEF)对调理牛肉的杀菌效果,以调理牛肉为研究对象,微生物致死率为主要指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化了PEF处理调理牛肉的参数,并对比分析了PEF处理前后调理牛肉的感官品质、色度、蒸煮损失率及剪切力。结果表明,调理牛肉的PEF处理最佳参数为:脉冲频率30.5 kHz、占空比2.3%、处理时间7 min、电场强度45 kV·cm^-1,此条件下PEF对调理牛肉中微生物致死率达到了87.33%(R²=0.986,Radj2=0.972),调理牛肉的货架期延长了2 d,且其感官品质无显著降低。本研究结果为PEF在调理肉制品的杀菌保藏中的应用提供了参考。  相似文献   

粉煤灰条形柱在水土保持坡改梯工程中的推广应用          下载免费PDF全文

刘中田 《中国水土保持科学》2008,6(Z1):112-113

通过对粉煤灰条形柱的特点分析,探讨粉煤灰条形柱在坡改梯工程中的应用.认为粉煤灰条形柱的应用缓解了大竹县条石紧缺矛盾,减少了对环境的污染,提高坡改梯埂坎的安砌质量和科技含量,减少劳动强度,降低工程造价,减少水土流失,美化周边环境,应扩大粉煤灰条形柱的应用范围.  相似文献   

Permanence of soil surface crusts on abandoned farmland in the Central Ebro Basin/Spain     

Johannes B. Ries  Ulrike Hirt 《CATENA》2008

Surface crusts are frequently found on fallow land in the semi-arid Ebro Basin (Spain) and are an important factor in land degradation. Soil surface sealing leads to a decrease in infiltration rates and a consequent increase in runoff, thereby accelerating sheet wash and rill erosion. Thin sections were used to analyse the development and structures of the different crusts found across the ridge/furrow field pattern. Rainfall simulations experiments and infiltration measurements show the runoff generation and the soil erosion rates on the crusts. The spatial distribution of crusts was documented using large-scale aerial photographs, taken from a remote-controlled hot air blimp.  相似文献   

Soil degradation and soil surface process intensities on abandoned fields in Mediterranean mountain environments     

M. Seeger  J. B. Ries 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2008,19(5):488-501

The Pyrenean and Pre‐Pyrenean mountain areas have been intensively used at least since roman times, but nowadays depopulation has lead to widespread land abandonment without a steering land‐management. Vegetation recovery is weak in most abandoned fields. Soil formation and characteristics are conditioned by this fact, and for this, soils show past degradation processes and are mostly predominant factors for continuing land degradation or restoration. Three study areas were set up along a climatic gradient with increasing summer water deficit in the sub‐humid zone between the Central Pyrenees and Pre‐Pyrenees. Soil survey combined with experiments for the determination of infiltration, runoff and erosion were applied for understanding the degradation history and the future development of the soils. All areas are dominated by Entisols, but also Inceptisols and Alfisols are found, and even soils with hydromorphic features. The soils show signs of heavy erosion. The parental material determines the nutrient supply and the general chemical properties. All sites show a weak water storing capacity, as a result of the removal of fine material by erosion and due to the depletion of soil organic matter. In addition, infiltration capacity and runoff generation are high within the studied areas, averaging between 27 and 37 per cent. The driest area studied shows an ongoing trend to degradation, with high erosion rates combined with a high degradations status of the soil. The other areas are characterised by a patchy pattern of soil degradation and regradation processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于遥感数据的大尺度区域水田空间格局及生态服务价值变化分析     

刘园  周清波  余强毅  吴文斌 《智慧农业(中英文)》2020,2(1):43-57

受经济和气候驱动，长江经济带水田空间格局发生了显著变化，影响区域粮食安全与生态安全。本研究基于1990-2015年土地利用遥感监测数据，利用GIS的空间分析功能，探究长江经济带水田空间格局动态变化特征，采用当量因子法计算生态系统服务价值（ESV），分析了水田变化的综合影响。结果表明：1）1990-2015年长江经济带水田规模持续缩减，共减少了17390km²，减幅呈增长态势具有显著地域差异，长江中上游与下游的水田减幅相差约为9.56%。其中下游减幅较大，水田占区域比例随之降低，中上游恰好相反。2）由于经济建设及水产养殖的发展，水田主要转化为建设用地和水系，水田主要由水系、旱地和湿地等转化而来。长江三角洲城市群、长江中游及成渝城市群的水田变化最为剧烈，建设用地侵占水田扩张的现象分布广泛，水田转为水系主要在两湖平原局部地区。3）水田与其他生态系统的转化对ESV是正影响，水田转为水系对此贡献最大，其转化规模决定了不同时期ESV净增量的大小，水系转化为水田损失的价值最多，建设用地侵占水田次之。不同市域的水田变化情况不一致，因此ESV增减情况具有明显差异。4）生态系统服务中水文调节、水资源供给增强的同时，食物生产、气体调节受到严重损害，与水资源规模扩大和水田资源大量流失有直接关系。研究结果有助于揭示长江流域水田的时空变化过程及其对各项生态系统服务的影响，可为区域土地利用规划、农业政策与生态可持续发展提供理论支持。  相似文献