Tillage-induced environmental conditions in soil and substrate limitation determine biogenic gas production     

E.G. Gregorich  P. Rochette  U.F. McKim 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(9):2614-2628

Tillage changes soil environmental conditions and controls the distribution of residues in the soil, both actions that affect the production and emission of soil biogenic gases (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). The objective of this study was to determine how tillage-induced environmental conditions and substrate quality affect the mineralization rate of easily metabolizable compounds and the subsequent production of these gases. Carbon compounds, with and without nitrogen, were applied to soil cropped to maize under tilled and no-till systems. Following substrate application in the spring and summer, biogenic gases were measured periodically at the soil surface (flux) and within the profile (concentration) at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm depths (i.e., within, at the bottom of, and below the plough layer). Strong CO₂ and N₂O responses to sucrose and glycine in both the field and the laboratory indicate that the soil was C- and N-limited. Surface fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O were greater in soils amended with glycine than with sucrose and were greater in tilled than no-till soils. Transient emission of CH₄ following the addition of glycine was observed and could be attributed to inhibition of N mineralization and nitrification processes on CH₄ oxidation. Laboratory and field measurements indicated that the larger substrate-induced CO₂ emission from the tilled soils could not be attributed to differences in the total biomass or the basal respiratory activity of the soils. Thus, there appears to be no underlying difference in the functional capacity of the microbial communities under different tillage regimes. Comparison of gas profiles indicates relative accumulation of CO₂ at depth in soils under no-till, as well as greater decline in profile CO₂ content with time in the tilled compared to the no-till soil. These results support the conclusion that greater CO₂ efflux from the tilled soils resulted from more rapid gas diffusion through the profile. Hence, the observed differences in gas fluxes between tilled and no-till soils can be attributed to differences in physical environment.  相似文献   

Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As复合污染对灯心草的生理毒性效应   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

孙健  铁柏清  钱湛  杨佘维  毛晓茜  赵婷  罗荣  青山勋 《土壤》2007,39(2):279-285

通过盆栽试验,以现行土壤环境质量标准为浓度设置依据并结合实际污染土壤研究了不同处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As5种重金属复合污染对灯心草生长、叶绿素含量及保护酶系统的影响。实验结果表明:5种重金属复合污染对灯心草地上部生长有一定程度的抑制作用,在土壤环境质量二级标准上限值处灯心草地上部生物量减产9.15%,<10%,但地下部生物量减产趋势不明显。复合重金属污染抑制灯心草的光合作用使叶绿素含量减少、叶绿素a/b值降低。在接近土壤环境质量标准低浓度设计范围内,灯心草3种保护酶有逐渐被激活的趋势,表现出一定的协调性共同抵制重金属的毒害。但在高浓度处理水平下,酶活性遭到抑制。生长在矿毒水和铅锌尾矿污染土壤中的灯心草地上部生物量分别下降28.23%和37.1%,但POD、SOD和CAT3种酶活性均高于对照。通过应用综合生态环境效益法,以灯心草为指示植物可以将土壤环境质量二级标准上限值设定为土壤中5种重金属的临界毒性效应值。  相似文献   

夏季休牧对高寒矮嵩草草甸温室气体排放的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李玉娥  秦晓波  李文福  林而达  高清竹  万运帆  石峰 《农业工程学报》2007,23(4):206-211

以高寒矮嵩草草甸为研究对象，利用密闭箱－气相色谱法，对夏季休牧8a的围栏草地(休牧草地)和全年放牧的草地(放牧草地)的温室气体排放通量、土壤特性和生物量进行了对比研究。结果表明：与放牧草地相比，休牧草地植被盖度较之高41％，单位面积生物量较之高53％。同时，土壤特性也有较大不同；休牧草地的植被－土壤系统CO₂排放通量比放牧草地低20.7％，测定期间两者CO₂排放通量以每天每公顷排放C的质量计分别为30.7和38.7 kg·(hm²·d)^-1；试验期间高寒矮嵩草草甸植被－土壤系统是大气CH₄的弱汇，休牧后草地土壤对CH₄的吸收能力增强，休牧和放牧草地CH₄的平均吸收强度分别为28.1和21.9 g·(hm²·d)^-1；休牧草地土壤N₂O排放通量比放牧草地低，两者排放通量分别为4.5和7.6 g·(hm²·d)^-1。可见，夏季休牧措施降低了草地对大气中温室气体浓度增加的贡献。  相似文献   

Carbon sequestration and saving potential associated with changes to the management of agricultural soils in England   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J.A. King  R.I. Bradley  R. Harrison  A.D. Carter 《Soil Use and Management》2004,20(4):394-402

Abstract. The potential for soil organic carbon sequestration, energy savings and the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases were investigated for a range of changes in the management of tilled land and managed grassland. These parameters were modelled on a regional basis, according to local soils and crop rotations in England, and avoided the use of soil related indices. The largest carbon sequestration and saving contribution possible comes from an increase in the proportion of permanent woodland, such that a 10% change in land use could amount to 9 Mt C yr⁻¹ in the initial years (arable and grassland). Changes in arable management could make a significant contribution to an abatement strategy if carried out in concert with greater use of permanent conservation field margins, increased returns of crop residues and reduced tillage systems, contributing 1.3 Mt C yr⁻¹ in the initial years. It should be noted, however, that true soil carbon sequestration would be only a minor component of this (125 kt C yr⁻¹), the main part being savings on CO₂ emissions from reduced energy use, and lower N₂O emissions from reduced use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer.  相似文献   

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements     

Hugh A.L. Henry 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(5):977-986

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.  相似文献   

大豆异黄酮的药理和毒理效应研究进展   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

房岩  孙刚  付艳苹 《农业与技术》2006,26(2):48-50

综述了大豆异黄酮主要的药理和毒理效应,分析了作用机理,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   

番茄青枯菌分泌物中热稳定成分的毒性研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

汪国平  曾宪铭 《华南农业大学学报》1998,19(4):22-26

研究了青枯细菌毒性菌株平板培养滤液中热稳定性成分对番茄组织培养物的影响。结果表明;ＰＣＦ中含有一类非酶,非胞外多糖的热稳定毒性物质,它对番茄叶片脱分化过程有抑制作用,抗病材料较感病材料敏感,另外,它对番茄试管生根也起抑制作用;ＥＰＳ没有上述抑制作用。  相似文献   

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

WANG KaiYing  WU JieGang  ZHAO Xiaoyang 《中国农业科学》2019,52(8):1458-1474

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.  相似文献   

稻秆及稻秆生物炭添加对稻田红壤有机碳组分及CH₄和CO₂累积排放量的影响     

廖添怀  李欢  王艳玲 《农业环境科学学报》2022,41(7):1598-1609

为明确稻秆生物炭添加对稻田红壤有机碳组分及CH₄和CO₂累积排放量的影响过程与机制,本研究以稻田红壤为对象,通过室内培养试验,按土壤质量的1%等碳添加量设置对照(CK)、稻秆(RS)及300、400℃和500℃下制备的稻秆生物炭(RSB300、RSB400、RSB500)5个处理,对比分析了稻秆及稻秆生物炭添加0、30 d与120 d时,稻田红壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)、总有机碳(TOC)、游离态粗颗粒有机碳(fcPOC)、游离态细颗粒有机碳(ffPOC)、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(oPOC)、游离态矿物结合态有机碳(fMOC)及闭蓄态矿物结合态有机碳(oMOC)的变化差异,并探讨了稻田红壤CH₄和CO₂累积排放量与各有机碳组分含量的相关关系。结果表明:稻秆生物炭添加后稻田红壤中DOC、TOC、fcPOC、ffPOC、oPOC和fMOC含量均显著增加;其中,oPOC与oMOC含量随着培养时间的增加而显著增加,但fcPOC与fMOC含量则显著降低(P<0.05)。与CK处理相比,RS处理的稻田红壤中CH₄和CO₂的累积排放量均显著且持续增加;RSB各处理的稻田红壤中CO₂的累积排放量显著降低;只有RSB300和RSB400处理的稻田红壤中CH₄的累积排放量显著增加,且在培养120 d时分别增加了188.5%和32.7%(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明,添加稻秆及稻秆生物炭的稻田红壤中CH₄和CO₂累积排放量虽与DOC、ffPOC和fcPOC含量均呈极显著正相关关系,但其中DOC和fcPOC含量起主导作用(P<0.01)。研究表明,添加稻秆生物炭可以有效提高稻田红壤中各有机碳组分的含量与稳定性,且500℃热解制备的稻秆生物炭添加对稻田红壤中CH₄、CO₂累积排放量抑制效果最好。  相似文献   

低毒脲醛树脂的合成   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

于红卫  傅深渊  槐敏  邵千钧  文桂峰  何礼平 《浙江林学院学报》2002,19(2):122-126

采用了不同的改性剂与不同的合成工艺 ,研制用于胶合板制造的低毒脲醛树脂胶。结果表明 :利用三聚氰胺和聚乙稀醇作为改性剂 ,结合特定的合成工艺 ,制得低毒脲醛 (UF)树脂胶 (游离甲醛含量≤ 3g·kg-1) ,三层胶合板甲醛释放量为 1 36mg·L-1。既讨论了影响树脂中游离甲醛含量的因素及制胶中出现的问题 ,又提出了解决的方法 :树脂的摩尔比控制在 1 3左右 ,聚乙烯醇和三聚氰胺的加入量分别为尿素总量的 1 6%和 2 5 % ;在加成反应阶段 ,树脂的pH值不应低于 7 0 ;在缩聚反应阶段 ,温度控制在 80～ 85℃ ,pH控制在 4 0～4 2。表 4参 7  相似文献