DDVP对泥鳅的致毒效应     

匡少平  徐仲 《农业环境科学学报》2003,22(4):434-436

采用室内培养实验方法，研究了DDVP对水生生物泥鳅的致毒效应。毒性实验表明，DDVP可诱发泥鳅血红细胞和卵细胞畸形，并抑制或阻止细胞的正常分裂和发育，显示较强的雌激素活性。  相似文献   

Influence of soil physicochemical properties, particle size fractions and mineralogy on the leaching potentials of arsenic and antimony in abandoned mine soils     

A. S. M. Fazle BARI  Dane LAMB  Geoff R. MACFARLANE  Mohammad Mahmudur RAHMAN 《土壤圈》2023,33(5):744-753

At abandoned mine sites, arsenic (As)- and antimony (Sb)-enriched soils are often disposed of through onsite burial or capping. In highly weathered mine sites, the mobility of As and Sb is typically controlled by iron (Fe)(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ) phases; thus, the suitability of such disposal methods and appropriate testing techniques are questionable. In the present study, leaching potentials of As and Sb were examined using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), waste extraction test (WET), and WET-extended procedure (WET-EXT) at three abandoned mine site soils in Australia. The leached concentration of As regularly exceeded USEPA criteria (5 mg L^-1). The highest leached concentrations of As and Sb were observed in the finest particle size fraction (< 0.053 mm) by WET-EXT (1 040 mg L^-1 for As and 21.10 mg L^-1 for Sb) followed by WET (800 mg L^-1 for As and 20.90 mg L^-1 for Sb). The TCLP method resulted in the lowest concentrations of leached As (0.000 9 mg L^-1) and Sb (0.000 3 mg L^-1). Crystalline and amorphous As-bearing Fe oxides were the main phases in the soils studied. However, the best correlations of leached As determined by TCLP (0.832), WET (0.944), and WET-EXT (0.961) were found with the non-specifically sorbed (NS1) As fraction. The mineralogical and sequential extraction data clearly indicate the dominant role of Fe geochemistry in controlling leachability of As and Sb. The TCLP method was unlikely to be suitable for assessing leachability, as it exhibited no relationship with leachable Fe and substantially lower leached As and Sb than the other two methods. Given the high to extremely high leachable As and Sb concentrations, most of the soil samples would not be recommended for placement in capping works, old shafts, or reduction systems (e.g., collection in drainage basins).  相似文献   

直播旱种与秸秆还田方式对稻田温室气体排放的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张自常  刘立军  王志琴  杨建昌  李永丰 《农业科学与技术》2015,(1)

[目的]为探讨直播旱种和麦秸秆还田方式对稻田温室气体排放的影响。[方法]以扬稻6（籼稻）和扬粳4038（粳稻）为材料进行直播,设置麦秸秆掩埋水种(SIF)、麦秸秆覆盖旱种（NSM）、麦秸秆掩埋旱种(NSI)和常规水种（TF,秸秆不还田,对照）4种处理。利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定稻田温室气体排放。[结果]旱种的产量与水种的产量无显著差异,但 SIF处理的产量显著高于其它处理。稻田CH4排放通量在 TF和 SIF 处理下呈单一的峰值曲线,在 NSI和 NSM处理下变化范围较小。各处理 N2O排放通量呈多峰曲线。与 TF相比,SIF显著增加了 CH4和 CO2的平均排放通量,降低了 N2O的排放速率,而 NSI和 NSM显著降低了 CH4的平均排放通量,增加了 N2O和CO2的排放通量;SIF排放的 CH4、N2O和 CO2所产生的全球增温潜势（ GWP）和单位面积产量的 GWP分别增加47.3%~53.7%和32.2%~39.4%,NSI和 NSM的 GWP分别降低了24.2%~29.6%和30.1%~35.5%,单位面积产量的 GWP分别降低21.7%~27.2%和25.6%~31.1%。[结论]麦秸秆覆盖旱种和麦秸秆掩埋旱种在维持较高产量的同时,可显著降低稻田温室气体的排放。  相似文献   

AFB₁对犬肝细胞的毒性作用及NAC的保护效应     

张咪  赵杰  徐静茹 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,49(7):1-10

【目的】以犬原代肝细胞为模型,研究黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)对肝细胞的毒性作用以及N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)对细胞损伤的保护效应。【方法】选取1～2月龄幼犬,取肝细胞培养至对数生长期,分别用0(对照),0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25,31.25μg/mL AFB_1和6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理36 h后,观察细胞形态结构,检测肝功能相关指标、氧化与抗氧化功能指标及细胞凋亡相关基因cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9 mRNA表达量。【结果】显微观察发现,与对照组相比,0.05～6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的细胞数量减少,细胞失去饱满性,细胞凋亡、坏死情况明显;6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组的细胞饱满且活性良好,细胞数目增加,结构完整。与对照组相比,1.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性均显著上升(P0.05);0.05～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著升高(P0.05);1.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GGT)活性显著降低(P0.05),0.05～0.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的γ-GGT活性显著增加(P0.05); 31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的白蛋白(ALB)质量浓度显著降低(P0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05～0.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)和丙二醇(MDA)含量显著增加(P0.05);1.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的H_2O_2质量浓度显著增加(P0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性无显著变化;0.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低(P0.05)。与6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组相比,6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组的AST、ALP、r-GGT活性以及ALB、8-OHdG、MDA、H_2O_2水平显著降低(P0.05),CAT和GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理细胞的凋亡率为12%,极显著高于对照组和6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组。与对照组相比,0.05～6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9 mRNA的表达量极显著增加(P0.01);与6.25μg/mL AFB_1组相比,6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组的cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9 mRNA表达量均极显著降低(P0.01)。【结论】AFB_1能够抑制犬原代肝细胞活性,引起细胞形态、肝功能指标及细胞氧化与抗氧化功能异常,加快细胞凋亡;NAC能够显著提高抗氧化酶活性,降低AFB_1所致肝细胞的损伤和凋亡水平,对肝细胞具有一定的保护性。  相似文献   

麦秆还田方式对旱地土壤综合温室效应的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

夏文斌  张旭辉  刘铭龙  潘根兴  郑聚锋  李恋卿  郑金伟 《土壤》2014,46(6):1010-1016

采用静态箱–气相色谱法,研究了秸秆还田方式对华北平原旱地玉米生长季土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放的影响。结果表明:小麦秸秆不同还田方式下,土壤CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态无显著差异,但排放量因温室气体种类而异。秸秆直接还田处理的CO2、N2O排放量分别显著高于无秸秆还田、秸秆原位焚烧、生物质炭还田处理的29.7%、17.5%、31.7%和78.1%、76.3%、114.0%;而CH4排放量在各试验处理间无显著差异。从各处理的综合温室效应(GWP)来看,生物质炭还田处理的GWP比秸秆直接还田处理显著降低28.7%,而与无秸秆还田和秸秆原位焚烧处理无显著差异。考虑到作物产量变化,进一步分析表明,生物质炭还田处理温室气体强度(GHGI)比无秸秆还田和秸秆原位焚烧处理分别降低4.9%和14.9%,差异不显著,比秸秆直接还田处理显著降低36.0%。因此,在华北平原秸秆炭化生物质炭还田具有显著的综合减排作用,是一种土壤农田低碳生产的秸秆利用途径。  相似文献   

低毒脲醛树脂胶接实木复合地板的性能研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

朱丽滨  顾继友  谭海彦  毛国琪 《林产工业》2008,35(1):36-38

从实际应用出发,在不同热压温度、不同固化剂用量条件下,对三聚氰胺改性低毒脲醛树脂胶接实木复合地板的物理力学性能、甲醛释放量进行了研究。试验结果表明,采用3%三聚氰胺改性合成的低毒脲醛树脂用于实木复合地板胶接,在热压温度为85℃条件下,使用复合固化体系,各项物理力学性能均达到GB/T18103-2000要求,穿孔萃取法测得甲醛释放量小于3mg/100g。热压温度和固化剂用量对实木复合地板的静曲强度和弹性模量影响不明显。随着热压温度升高,甲醛释放量逐渐减少,随固化剂用量变化其甲醛释放量亦有所不同。  相似文献   

Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Euler Melo Nogueira  Philip Martin Fearnside  Bruce Walker Nelson  Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa  Edwin Willem Hermanus Keizer 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008

Uncertainties in biomass estimates in Amazonian forests result in a broad range of possible magnitude for the emissions of carbon from deforestation and other land-use changes. This paper presents biomass equations developed from trees directly weighed in open forest on fertile soils in the southern Amazon (SA) and allometric equations for bole-volume estimates of trees in both dense and open forests. The equations were used to improve the commonly used biomass models based on large-scale wood-volume inventories carried out in Amazonian forest. The biomass estimates from the SA allometric equation indicate that equations developed in forests on infertile soils in central Amazonia (CA) result in overestimates if applied to trees in the open forests of SA. All aboveground components of 267 trees in open forests of SA were cut and weighed, and the proportion of the biomass stored in the crowns of trees in open forest was found to be higher than in dense forest. In the case of inventoried wood volume, corrections were applied for indentations and hollow trunks and it was determined that no adjustment is needed for the form factor used in the RadamBrasil volume formula. New values are suggested for use in models to convert wood volume to biomass estimates. A biomass map for Brazilian Amazonia was produced from 2702 plots inventoried by the RadamBrasil Project incorporating all corrections for wood density and wood volume and in factors used to add the bole volume of small trees and the crown biomass. Considering all adjustments, the biomass map indicates total biomass of 123.1 Gt (1 Gt = 1 billion tons) dry weight (aboveground + belowground) for originally forested areas in 1976 in the Brazilian Legal Amazon as a whole (102.3 Gt for aboveground only) at the time of the RadamBrasil inventories, which were carried out before intensive deforestation had occurred in the region. Excluded from this estimate are 529,000 km² of forest lacking sufficient RadamBrasil inventory data. After forest losses of 676,000 km² by 2006 – not counting 175,000 km² of this deforested area lacking RadamBrasil data – the estimated dry biomass stock was reduced to 105.4 and 87.6 Gt (aboveground + belowground and only above-ground). Thus, in 2006 the carbon storage in forested areas in Brazilian Amazonia as a whole will be around 51.1 Gt (assuming 1 Mg dry biomass = 0.485 Mg C). Biomass estimates by forest type (aggregated into 12 vegetation classes) are provided for each state in the Brazilian Legal Amazon.  相似文献   

五种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性效应   总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12  

柳敏海  陈波  罗海忠  傅荣兵 《海洋渔业》2007,29(1):57-62

在水温27.5℃、盐度29条件下,研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+和Pb2+5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎发育和初孵仔鱼的影响。结果表明:重金属在胚胎发育过程中引起各种畸形,如胚胎尾巴弯曲、初孵仔鱼不能出膜、胚胎死亡等;胚胎和初孵仔鱼上出现黑色颗粒,初孵仔鱼脊柱弯曲成L、V、S形或尾部没有展开呈逗号状,褶皱边缘被破坏等畸形。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+和Pb2+5种重金属均延迟胚胎发育速率。综合孵化率、胚胎畸形和仔鱼畸形率等指标得出5种重金属对胚胎的毒性大小依次为Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+>Cr6+。计算了5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼的LC50和安全浓度,得出5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼毒性大小顺序为:Cu2+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Zn2+>Cr6+。  相似文献   

Development and application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for simple and rapid identification of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium catenella in cultured and natural seawater   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Shoko Hosoi-Tanabe  Yoshihiko Sako 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(1):77-82

ABSTRACT:   The toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech and A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech produce potent neurotoxins, such as saxitoxin and gonyautoxin and have been mainly responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Japan. To prevent a negative effect on the fishery industry, it is necessary to identify these toxic species precisely and rapidly before and during the bloom. In this paper, a rapid and simple protocol of a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method using ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted probes has been established for identifying the cultured strains and natural cells of A. tamarense and A. catenella . Using the FISH method established in this study, it was possible to identify these toxic species species-specifically and rapidly, within 30 min. The procedure of detection constituted three steps: (i) fixation/dehydration; (ii) hybridization; and (iii) washing; this made the identification simple. Moreover, this method did not require either special techniques or equipment, and the cost for detection was low. The specificity, rapidity, and simplicity of the developed method suggest that it might be useful for routine monitoring of these toxic microalgae.  相似文献   

植物病原镰刀菌产生的毒素种类及其危害     

张嘉城  方香玲  南志标 《草业科学》2021,38(8):1513-1524

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是多种重要农作物的病原体,不仅可造成农作物产量和品质的严重损失还可在离体培养条件下或植物寄主体内产生一系列被称为镰刀菌毒素的次生代谢产物。这些毒素一方面作为致病因子与镰刀菌对宿主植物的致病力密切相关,另一方面可导致家畜生产性能下降和相关病症的出现,进而影响农业生态系统并对人类健康造成威胁。鉴于镰刀菌毒素对农作物生产的影响及其对家畜和人类的毒性作用,目前已有较多关于镰刀菌侵染粮食作物后产生毒素种类的研究,但关于镰刀菌侵染豆科牧草后产生的毒素种类以及毒素在镰刀菌对豆科牧草致病力方面作用的研究则较少。本文对引起主要粮食和饲料作物病害的常见镰刀菌物种产生的主要毒素,以及这些毒素对植物、家畜和人类的危害进行了综述,并对豆科牧草中镰刀菌毒素的研究前景及意义进行了展望。  相似文献