不同粒径黄绵土的溅蚀规律及表土结皮发育研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

程琴娟  蔡强国  胡霞 《土壤学报》2007,44(3):392-396

溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,为侵蚀发展提供了物质来源。因此,对其进行研究有助于对侵蚀过程的深入了解。本文选择了广泛分布于黄土高原地区的黄绵土,通过对不同粒径的土样进行模拟降雨试验,分析了土壤颗粒的溅蚀规律和表土结皮的形成过程,以及溅蚀率变化趋势。结果表明,不同粒径土样的溅蚀量差异明显,粒径在0.15mm附近的土壤颗粒最易被溅蚀;在一定的降雨历时内不同粒径土样的表土结皮发育完善程度不同,据此可以很好地解释溅蚀率的变化。  相似文献   

重庆近46年气候变化特征分析   总被引：9，自引：9，他引：9  

周浩  杨宝钢  程炳岩 《中国农业气象》2008,29(1):23-27

利用重庆34个地面气象观测站1960-2005年降水量、降水日数、气温等观测资料的年平均值,运用线性倾向估计、小波分析和M-K突变检验等方法对重庆近46 a来气候变化的主要特征进行了分析。结果表明：分析期内重庆年降水量的线性变化趋势不明显,但以2-3 a的周期波动变化为主,1984年是近46 a降水量变化的显著突变点,20世纪80年代为多雨期,90年代则为相对少雨期。降水日数以2-4 a的年际变化周期为主,呈现显著的线性减少趋势,1984年以后降水日数偏少的年份比之前明显偏多。年平均气温的线性变化趋势不明显,但具有明显的阶段性,20世纪80年代为偏冷期,进入21世纪后则显著上升,其平均值高出多年平均值0.4℃。降水和气温在各年代的变化特征存在较好的对应关系,如20世纪80年代为多雨、偏冷期,21世纪初为少雨、偏暖期。  相似文献   

上海地区绿地雨水利用的实践     

王瑛  王延洋 《农业科技与信息》2011,(6)

本文分析了上海地区绿地雨水利用的必要性和可行性;对上海公园绿地、街道绿地、单位附属绿地、苗圃绿地中雨水收集利用的部分案例进行了较为详细的介绍,归纳为4种绿地雨水利用模式;经测试:4种模式中应用的水质均符合绿化浇灌和景观环境用水要求。  相似文献   

暴雨灾害评估方法研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑国  薛建军  范广洲  董一平  周定文 《安徽农业科学》2011,39(3):1419-1420,1426

在系统论述暴雨灾害评估体系结构的基础上,比较和分析了目前国内研究和应用较多的几类暴雨灾害评估理论和方法,如灰色关联法、概率统计法和主成分分析法,并以实际应用为例总结出它们各自的主要评估原理和优缺点。结果表明,灰色关联法对数据要求较低且计算量小,是比较简便易行的灾情评估方法;概率统计法以历史重现率来描述暴雨灾害等级是比较合理的方法;主成分分析法可以将多种致灾因子按权重简化成一个综合指标来描述暴雨灾害强度,比较方便直观。  相似文献   

避雨栽培对川农泡椒1号品质的影响     

白娟 《长江蔬菜》2014,(24)

以川农泡椒1号为试验材料,研究遮阳网+薄膜、遮阳网和露地3种栽培模式对川农泡椒1号品质的影响。试验结果表明,在夏季采用避雨栽培后,辣椒品质有所下降,其中VC、还原糖的含量均极显著低于对照,总糖含量差异不显著。而在避雨栽培的两种模式中,遮阳网+薄膜模式比遮阳网模式VC含量高5.4%,差异显著;还原糖高10.8%,差异极显著;总糖高0.8%,差异不显著。  相似文献   

Post-fire soil respiration in relation to burnt wood management in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem     

S. Marañón-Jiménez  J. Castro  A.S. Kowalski  P. Serrano-OrtizB.R. Reverter  E.P. Sánchez-Cañete  R. Zamora 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(8):1436-1447

After a wildfire, the management of burnt wood may determine microclimatic conditions and microbiological activity with the potential to affect soil respiration. To experimentally analyze the effect on soil respiration, we manipulated a recently burned pine forest in a Mediterranean mountain (Sierra Nevada National and Natural Park, SE Spain). Three representative treatments of post-fire burnt wood management were established at two elevations: (1) “salvage logging” (SL), where all trees were cut, trunks removed, and branches chipped; (2) “non-intervention” (NI), leaving all burnt trees standing; and (3) “cut plus lopping” (CL), a treatment where burnt trees were felled, with the main branches lopped off, but left in situ partially covering the ground surface. Seasonal measurements were carried out over the course of two years. In addition, we performed continuous diurnal campaigns and an irrigation experiment to ascertain the roles of soil temperature and moisture in determining CO₂ fluxes across treatments. Soil CO₂ fluxes were highest in CL (average of 3.34 ± 0.19 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and the lowest in SL (2.21 ± 0.11 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Across seasons, basal values were registered during summer (average of 1.46 ± 0.04 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), but increased during the humid seasons (up to 10.07 ± 1.08 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in spring in CL). Seasonal and treatment patterns were consistent at the two elevations (1477 and 2317 m a.s.l.), although respiration was half as high at the higher altitude.Respiration was mainly controlled by soil moisture. Watering during the summer drought boosted CO₂ effluxes (up to 37 ± 6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ just after water addition), which then decreased to basal values as the soil dried. About 64% of CO₂ emissions during the first 24 h could be attributed to the degasification of soil pores, with the rest likely related to biological processes. The patterns of CO₂ effluxes under experimental watering were similar to the seasonal tendencies, with the highest pulse in CL. Temperature, however, had a weak effect on soil respiration, with Q₁₀ values of ca. 1 across seasons and soil moisture conditions. These results represent a first step towards illustrating the effects of post-fire burnt wood management on soil respiration, and eventually carbon sequestration.  相似文献   

Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification potential in contrasting lowland rain forest types in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia     

R.R.E. Vernimmen  H.A. Verhoef  L.A. Bruijnzeel  H.R. Zoomer 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(12):2992-3003

Nitrogen mineralization and denitrification potential in litter were measured during a dry and a wet period in a Bornean Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest (LERF) and two nearby Heath Forests (HF) of contrasting stature. Nitrification was very low or non-existent in all forest types and ammonification was the major constituent of nitrogen (N) mineralization. Rates of net N mineralization in the HFs on infertile sandy soils were lower than in the LERF on a more nutrient-rich clay soil or other LERFs, both during dry and wet conditions. We attribute the differences to the lower litter quality in the HFs compared to LERF. When dissolved organic nitrogen (DON-N) was included, N uptake was the same (15-17 μg g⁻¹ d⁻¹) in all three forest types. We conclude that N availability is the same in all three forest types and that N deficiency is not the reason for the reduced stature of Heath Forests compared to LERF. All three-forest types had denitrifiers present in the ectorganic layers but denitrification will only play a minor role in the N-cycle as nitrification rates were very low.  相似文献   

Landscape irrigation scheduling efficiency and adequacy by various control technologies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M.S. McCreadyM.D. Dukes 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):697-704

Automated residential irrigation systems tend to result in higher water use than non-automated systems. Increasing the scheduling efficiency of an automated irrigation system provides the opportunity to conserve water resources while maintaining good landscape quality. Control technologies available for reducing over-irrigation include evapotranspiration (ET) based controllers, soil moisture sensor (SMS) controllers, and rain sensors (RS). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the capability of these control technologies to schedule irrigation compared to a soil water balance model based on the Irrigation Association (IA) Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) testing protocol. Irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency were calculated in 30-day running totals to determine the amount of over- or under-irrigation for each control technology based on the IA SWAT testing protocol. A time-based treatment with irrigation 2 days/week and no rain sensor (NRS) was established as a comparison. In general, the irrigation adequacy ratings (measure of under-irrigation) for the treatments were higher during the fall months of testing than the spring months due to lower ET resulting in lower irrigation demand. Scheduling efficiency values (measure of over-irrigation) decreased for all treatments when rainfall increased. During the rainy period of this testing, total rainfall was almost double reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) while in the remaining three testing periods the opposite was true. The 30-day irrigation adequacy values, considering all treatments, varied during the testing periods by 0-68 percentile points. Looking at only one 30-day testing period, as is done in the IA SWAT testing protocol, will not fully capture the performance of an irrigation controller. Scheduling efficiency alone was not a good indicator of controller performance. The amount of water applied and the timing of application were both important to maintaining acceptable turfgrass quality and receiving good irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency scores.  相似文献   

定西半干旱地区春小麦抑蒸集水抗旱技术研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

朱国庆  史学贵  李巧珍 《中国农业气象》2002,23(2):17-21

通过1997－2000年的田间试验，分析施用农气3号，Fa“旱地龙”、保水剂拌种等化学方法与地膜覆盖，农田微集水等物理方法的各种组合在春小麦上的应用情况。结果表明，在定西半干旱雨养农业区以畦集水为主配合抗旱剂的集成技术增产效果最好，且年际变异小，效果稳定，即使在特别干旱年份仍然具有稳定的优势，是定西半干旱地区最为理想的抑蒸集水抗旱技术，该技术可使春小麦早出苗4d，出苗率提高17－18个百分点；产量提高17．6％－72．8％；水分利用效率平均提高3.05kg.mm^-1.hm^-2，增幅达39．1％。  相似文献   

棚膜颜色对避雨栽培酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

左丽丽  刘美迎  惠竹梅  张振文 《西北农业学报》2015,24(8):116-122

为揭示棚膜颜色对避雨栽培酿酒葡萄[赤霞珠(Cabernet sauvignon)]果实品质的影响,分别对露地栽培和不同颜色棚膜(红、黄、蓝、紫、白)避雨栽培下果穗周围空气温湿度、风速以及果实品质进行比较。结果表明:1与露地栽培相比,避雨栽培降低葡萄果穗附近的空气温度,其大小为空白对照白色棚膜蓝色棚膜紫色棚膜黄色棚膜红色棚膜;避雨栽培提高果穗周围空气的湿度,棚膜颜色对湿度的影响结果与温度相反;避雨栽培能降低果穗周围的风速,不同颜色棚膜处理之间的风速无显著差异。2避雨栽培中蓝、黄、红色棚膜均能提高赤霞珠葡萄果实的糖酸质量浓度,其中紫色和红色棚膜处理分别对还原糖和总酸质量浓度影响最大,而白、紫色棚膜在提高其含糖量的同时降低总酸质量浓度。3紫色棚膜处理下葡萄果实的单宁质量分数最高,其次为蓝色棚膜和露地栽培,白色棚膜最低;总花色素质量分数在紫色棚膜和露地栽培下最高,其次为蓝色棚膜,红色棚膜最低;露地栽培、紫色棚膜、蓝色棚膜、黄色棚膜、红色棚膜、白色棚膜下的总酚质量分数依次降低。因此,采用紫色棚膜覆盖能够提高酿酒葡萄果实品质。  相似文献