Ploughing frequency and compost application effects on soil infiltrability in a cotton–maize (Gossypium hirsutum–Zea mays L.) rotation system on a Ferric Luvisol and a Ferric Lixisol in Burkina Faso     

K. Ouattara  B. Ouattara  G. Nyberg  M.P. Sdogo  A. Malmer 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,95(1-2):288-297

One of the key issues to increase soil productivity in the Sahel is to ensure water infiltration and storage in the soil. We hypothesised that reducing tillage from annual to biennial ploughing and the use of organic matter, like compost, would better sustain soil hydraulic properties. The study had the objective to propose sustainable soil fertility management techniques in the cotton–maize cropping systems. The effects of reduced tillage (RT) and annual ploughing (AP) combined with compost application (Co) on soil infiltration parameters were assessed on two soil types. Topsoil mean saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_s) were between 9 and 48 mm h⁻¹ in the Luvisol, while in the Lixisol they were between 18 and 275 mm h⁻¹. In the two soil types compost additions with reduced tillage or with annual ploughing had the largest effect on K_s. Soil hydraulic behaviour was in reasonable agreement with soil pore size distribution (mean values varied from 19.5 to 237 μm) modified by tillage frequency and organo-mineral fertilization. Already the first 3 years of this study showed that use of organic matter, improved soil infiltration characteristics when annual ploughing was used. Also biennial ploughing showed promising results and may be a useful strategy for smallholders to manage these soils.  相似文献   

平菇培养料发酵度快速测定指标的建立   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孔维丽  郭家稳  刘芹  齐曼  崔筱  李亚楠  高玉千  邱立友  张玉亭 《中国瓜菜》2021,(2)

为建立平菇培养料发酵度的判定指标,选用以粉碎玉米芯小粒、中粒和大粒为主要原料配制的平菇培养料,分析了发酵过程中含水量、pH值和总碳、总氮、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、氨含量以及杂菌抑制物质含量的变化,以及栽培平菇的生产特性。结果表明,发酵过程中,3种培养料的pH值先降后升,含水量、总碳含量、C/N和DOC含量降低,氨含量先升后降,总氮升高。发酵结束,小粒DOC含量低于大粒,而氨含量和杂菌抑制物质含量高于大粒。培养料粒径越小,栽培平菇发菌期料温越低、染菌率越低、生物学效率越高。因此,发酵料栽培平菇宜采用小粒的粉碎玉米芯,发酵结束发酵料含水量为60%~67%、pH值为8.0~8.6、DOC(w)以低于12 g·kg^-1和氨含量(ρ)为发酵料渗出液中以氨检测试纸条测定值低于1350 mg·L^-1为宜。  相似文献   

栽培基质车间生产加工装备及监控系统的设计     

安亚群  许东来  崔爱军  王新雷  刘原 《安徽农业科学》2015,(15)

[目的]解决农林废弃物数量庞大治理困难的问题,实现农业废弃物无害化处理的全程自动化监控,实现资源高效化利用.[方法]设计FPJ-A型翻抛机械装备,并对物料的翻抛作业过程、基质发酵过程、工艺参数监测过程以及根据采集的工艺参数值实现实时响应的控制过程的各组态功能软件进行设计.[结果]FPJ-A型翻抛机综合了滚筒式与链板式翻抛机的优势,并且在翻抛机的传动系统、防护系统以及换槽作业方面作出了较大的改进,使其性能大幅度提高;同时设计了能实现智能控制物料的发酵工艺参数,并能自动定位堆体、自动调整翻抛的速度、深度、位置的控制系统.[结论]实现了基质发酵过程中各动态工艺参数的精确控制,物料分布均匀的工艺目标;保障了产品质量实现了基质车间连续生产的全程自动监控.所设计的人机界面友好,便于操作.  相似文献   

谷糠和堆肥作为微生物菌剂载体的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵旭  王改兰  陈春玉  王硕林 《安徽农业科学》2015,(14)

[目的]探讨堆肥和谷糠代替草炭作为功能性微生物载体的可行性。[方法]以湖南当地猪粪堆肥、谷糠和草炭等材料作为微生物菌体载体材料,通过制成不同配比的微生物肥料,比较载体中微生物数量以及p H等指标变化。[结果]经过自然风干的堆肥与草炭比较,吸附液体微生物菌剂后无论外观、手感还是微生物数量差异均不大。以75%堆肥添加25%谷糠,载体中微生物数量最高,且载体物理性状、p H、气味均达标。[结论]草炭是一种短期不可再生性的天然矿产资源,而自然风干的堆肥添加适量的谷糠可代替草炭,作为微生物菌剂载体的一种选择。  相似文献   

Interactive effects of N fertilizer source and timing of fertilization leave specific N isotopic signatures in Chinese cabbage and soil     

Seok-In Yun  Woo-Jung Choi  Scott X. Chang 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(7):1682-1689

Natural ¹⁵N abundances (δ¹⁵N) in plant and soil can be used as a powerful marker to reveal the history of N fertilization. To investigate whether N fertilizer source and timing of fertilization leave specific δ¹⁵N signals in plant tissue and soil inorganic N, Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. cv. Maeryok), one of the most popular vegetables in Asia, was grown in pots for 60 days with a single or split N applications of organic (composted manure; δ¹⁵N=+16.4‰) or inorganic N (urea; δ¹⁵N=−0.7‰). Seven N treatments were studied: (1) a single basal fertilization with compost or (2) urea; (3) a basal urea application followed by an additional (at 40 days after transplant, same below) compost or (4) urea application; (5) a basal compost application followed by an additional compost or (6) urea application; and (7) no N fertilization. Regardless of the time of N application, δ¹⁵N of cabbage treated with compost was higher (>+9.0‰) than that (< +1.0‰) treated with urea, reflecting the effect of isotopically different N sources. In split N fertilization, only the addition of isotopically different N sources in the middle of the growth period significantly affected the δ¹⁵N of the whole plant. Specific δ¹⁵N signals of basal N inputs were detected in outer cabbage parts formed in the early growth stage, while those of additional N inputs were detected in inner cabbage parts formed in the latter growth stage. We conclude that measurements of temporal variations in δ¹⁵N of plant parts formed in different growth stages could reveal the history of N fertilization.  相似文献   

Erosion rates and nutrient losses affected by composted cattle manure application in vineyard soils of NE Spain   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

M.C. Ramos  J.A. Martínez-Casasnovas 《CATENA》2006,68(2-3):177

Land preparation for mechanisation in vineyards of the Anoia–Alt Penedès region, NE Spain, has required major soil movements, which has enormous environmental implications not only due to changes in the landscape morphology but also due to soil degradation. The resulting cultivated soils are very poor in organic matter and highly susceptible to erosion, which reduces the possibilities of water intake as most of the rain is lost as runoff. In order to improve soil conditions, the application of organic wastes has been generalised in the area, not only before plantation but also every 3–4 years at rates of 30–50 Mg ha^− 1 mixed in the upper 30 cm.These organic materials are important sources of nutrients (N and P) and other elements, which could reduce further fertilisation cost. However, due to the high susceptibility to sealing of these soils, erosion rates are relatively high, so a higher nutrient concentration on the soil surface increases non-point pollution sources due to runoff.The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of applied composted cattle manure on infiltration, runoff and soil losses and on nutrients transported by runoff in vineyards of the Alt Penedès–Anoia region, NE Spain. In the two plots selected for the analysis, composted cattle manure had been applied in alternate rows 1 year previous to the study. In each plot soil surface samples (0–25 cm) were taken and compared to those of plots without manure application. The study was carried out at laboratory scale using simulated rainfall. Infiltration rates were calculated from the difference between rainfall intensity and runoff rates, and the sediment and total nitrogen and phosphorus were measured for each simulation. In addition, the influence of compost was investigated in the field under natural rainfall conditions by analysing the nutrient concentration in runoff samples collected in the field (in the same plots) after seven rainfall events, which amount different total precipitation and had different erosive character.Compost application increases infiltration rates by up to 26% and also increases the time when runoff starts. Sediment concentration in runoff was lower in treated (13.4 on average mg L^− 1) than in untreated soils (ranging from 16.8 to 23.4 mg L^− 1). However, the higher nutrient concentration in soils produces a higher mobilisation of N (7–17 mg L^− 1 in untreated soils and 20–26 mg L^− 1 in treated soils) and P (6–7 mg L^− 1 in untreated soils and 13–19 mg L^− 1 in treated soils). A major part of the P mobilised was attached to soil particles (about 90% on average) and only 10% was dissolved. Under natural conditions, higher nutrient concentrations were always recorded in treated vs. untreated soils in both plots, and the total amount of N and P mobilised by runoff was higher in treated soils, although without significant differences. Nutrient concentrations in runoff depend on rainfall erosivity but the average value in treated soils was twice that in untreated soils for both plots.  相似文献   

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy: A tool to characterize the composition of different types of exogenous organic matter and their behaviour in soil     

C. Peltre 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(1):197-205

In addition to total organic carbon and nitrogen, potential organic carbon mineralization under controlled laboratory conditions and indicators such as the indicator of remaining organic carbon in soil (I_ROC), based on Van Soest biochemical fractionation and short-term carbon mineralization in soil, are used to predict the evolution of exogenous organic matter (EOM) after its application to soils. The purpose of this study was to develop near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models that could predict these characteristics in a large dataset including 300 EOMs representative of the broad range of such materials applied to cultivated soils (plant materials, animal manures, composts, sludges, etc.). The NIRS predictions of total organic matter and total organic carbon were satisfactory (R²_P = 0.80 and 0.85, ratio of performance to deviation, RPD_P = 2.2 and 2.6, respectively), and prediction of the Van Soest soluble, cellulose and holocellulose fractions were acceptable (R²_P = 0.82, 0.73 and 0.70, RPD_P = 2.3, 1.9 and 1.8, respectively) with coefficients of variation close to those of the reference methods. The NIRS prediction of carbon mineralization during incubation was satisfactory and indeed better regarding the short-term results of mineralization (R²_P = 0.78 and 0.78, and RPD_P = 2.1 and 2.0 for 3 and 7 days of incubation, respectively). The I_ROC indicator was predicted with fairly good accuracy (R²_P = 0.79, RPD_P = 2.2). Variables related to the long-term C mineralization of EOM in soil were not predicted accurately, except for I_ROC which was based on analytical and well-identified characteristics, probably because of the increasing interactions and complexity of the factors governing EOM mineralization in soil as a function of incubation time. This study demonstrated the possibility of developing NIRS predictive models for EOM characteristics in heterogeneous datasets of EOMs. However, specific NIRS predictive models still remain necessary for sludges, organo-mineral fertilizers and liquid manures.  相似文献   

Can a mesotrophic grassland community be restored on a post-industrial sandy site with compost made from waste materials?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Susan Tandy  Hilary L. Wallace  Davey L. Jones  Mark A. Nason  Julie C. Williamson  John R. Healey 《Biological conservation》2011,(1):500-510

Restoration of sites degraded by industry to species-rich semi-natural vegetation communities is difficult; it usually involves the addition of soil ameliorants but excessive fertility may favour dominance by competitive species. In a field-experiment we tested the establishment of a biodiverse mesotrophic grassland community using different compost types (comprising of mixtures of waste materials), application rates and seeding (with species in the target community). Compost addition to the alkaline sandy substrate increased soil organic matter, nutrient content and water holding capacity (WHC), whilst decreasing pH. Over the first two growing seasons compost addition, (especially at a higher rate) increased total vegetation cover (from <20% to a maximum of 67%), although the cover of the target community remained below 20%. Seeding with target species greatly increased their establishment on compost-treated plots, demonstrating its value for restoration of mesotrophic grassland communities in such sites lacking a local seed source. Five soil properties accounted for 46% of the variation in target species density: negative correlations with soil pH and %N, and positive correlations with electrical conductivity (EC), %C, and WHC. For this mesotrophic grassland community, high EC and WHC and low pH were most important for forb species and high %C for grasses. Overall, %C was the soil property that best explained variation in the early restoration success of different compost types and application rates; pH and EC were also correlated with the rate of vegetation establishment and available-P was linked to plant community composition. While a longer time period is needed to judge the sustainability of the outcome, this demonstrates the potential to refine compost properties for restoration of biodiversity.  相似文献   

蘑菇渣和园林废物堆肥复配基质在黄瓜育苗上的应用效果   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

田锁霞  陈清  龚建英  李国学  贾小红  李彦明 《中国蔬菜》2011,1(12):37-41

以腐熟的蘑菇渣堆肥、园林修剪废物堆肥、草炭、蛭石为原料,通过将蘑菇渣堆肥与园林废物堆肥以不同比例替代草炭后对复配基质的理化特性及普通白菜生长的影响筛选出适宜的配方,并以草炭∶蛭石=7 V∶3 V为对照,探讨该配方对黄瓜幼苗生长指标的影响。结果表明,蘑菇渣堆肥∶园林废物堆肥∶草炭∶蛭石=3 V∶4 V∶7 V∶6 V为最佳基质配方;受EC值过高的影响,蘑菇渣堆肥和园林废物堆肥替代草炭最大比例不宜超过40 %;所获配方基质培育出的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、干物质积累和壮苗指数等指标均显著优于对照。  相似文献   

姬菇生物学特性的初步研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

蔡令仪  郭立刚  崔星明  冯志勇  门殿英  曹晖  邢增涛  汪虹 《食用菌学报》2002,9(4):47-49

研究了不同温度，PH和含水量对姬菌丝生长的影响。结果表明，30℃时菌丝生长快，随着温度的降低，菌丝生长速度递减，适宜菌丝生长的温度范围为25－30℃，PH7．5时菌丝生长最快，适宜菌丝生长的PH范围为6．0－7．5；适宜菌丝生长的培养料含水量为55％－70％，含水量60％时菌丝生长速度最快。  相似文献