近40年云南水稻热量资源时空变化特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐梦莹  朱勇  胡雪琼  钱兆兰  朱斌 《安徽农业科学》2016,(6):228-233

[目的]研究近40年云南水稻热量资源时空变化特征。[方法]利用云南省115个气象站1971~2010年气温资料,分析了云南5个区域水稻主要生长季(4~9月)平均气温、全年稳定通过10℃、20℃的初日、终日、日数和积温、秧苗期低温和夏季低温等的时空变化特征。[结果]近40年云南水稻生长季热量资源有较明显的增加趋势,且具有显著的区域性差异,其中滇西南增温趋势最明显;云南水稻生长季平均气温呈南高北低的分布特征,表现为滇西南滇东南滇西北≈滇中滇东北。各区域稳定通过10℃的活动积温为滇西南滇东南滇西北滇中滇东北,而稳定通过20℃的活动积温则滇中略小于滇东北,且各区域气候倾向率空间分布差异较大;云南水稻苗期(4月)低温主要发生在哀牢山以东和以北地区,全省夏季低温发生的站次呈减少趋势,有利于减轻低温对水稻抽穗扬花的威胁。[结论]该研究为气候变化背景下云南水稻种植的合理规划布局提供一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

LNG储罐优化数学模型及其应用     

高忠杰 《油气储运》2012,31(8):594-596,648

在LNG系统中,LNG储罐设施所占的投资比例较大,为节省投资,基于压力和蒸发率的关系对LNG储罐进行优化。相对于LNG单容罐,全容罐在经济和安全方面的优势更明显。介绍了LNG全容罐保温系统的组成和优化原理,提出通过调整保温层厚度代替储罐的增压系统进行罐内压力调节并达到高压储存的目的,在储罐安全的条件下,利用BOG压缩机对蒸发气进行再冷凝,实现LNG的循环利用。基于此,建立了LNG储罐优化数学模型,并利用VC＋＋语言编写计算程序对其求解,算例分析结果表明：该模型可行且适用于LNG系统的优化。  相似文献   

城市热岛效应对夏季高温的影响——以济宁市为例     

王晓默  董宁  杨何著  李莉 《河北农业科学》2013,(6):66-70

随着全球变暖趋势的加剧以及城市化的快速推进,城市夏季高温的危害越来越受到人们的重视。分析了济宁夏季高温特征及其城市热岛效应对高温灾害的影响。结果表明：济宁夏季高温期日数多、范围广,年、月际变化特征明显;极端高温事件强度和城市热岛效应明显增强;济宁城市高温主要受白天热岛效应的影响,且影响主要集中于春末夏初,作用超过10％。  相似文献   

浓香大豆油制备工艺研究     

李默馨  王玉  李振岚  齐颖  于殿宇 《大豆科技》2010,(2):29-32

以黑龙江省非转基因大豆为原料,通过单因素试验对浓香大豆油的风味进行了研究,得到产生浓香型大豆油的最佳工艺条件:热炒豆占原料比例30%,热炒温度180℃。在保证浓香风味的基础上,以出油率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对浓香大豆油的压榨工艺进行研究,得到最佳压榨条件为:压榨压力4MPa,压榨温度130℃,物料总水分4%,出油率达到57.1%。此条件下得到的大豆油气味浓郁,透明澄清,符合国家四级大豆油标准。  相似文献   

《热学》省级精品课程建设的探索与实践——以四川文理学院为例     

张志远  郝加波 《山东省农业管理干部学院学报》2012,22(2)

精品课程建设是从根本上提高高等教育质量和人才培养质量的奠基性工作.四川文理学院《热学》省级精品课程在建设实践中,明确提出了＂为学生而建＂的课程建设目的;紧紧围绕学院的办学定位、人才培养定位以及物理学本科专业的人才培养目标,理清了课程建设的思路;重点开展了师资队伍建设、教学方法改革、教材建设等建设工作;同时,还建立了有效的激励机制、多样的交流机制和综合的评价机制,有力地保障和提升了精品课程的建设水平.  相似文献   

热胁迫对辣椒花粉发育及其生活力的影晌     

韩笑冰  利容千  王建波  苗琛 《园艺学报》1996,(4)

用光学和荧光显微镜及扫描电镜观察等方法，研究了热胁迫对辣椒花粉形成发育、生活力、萌发率及雌性系统的影响。发现辣椒不同耐热性品种在高温胁迫下，花粉、花药发育过程出现异常，花粉生活力、体外萌发率下降，花粉管生长延迟，正在生长的花粉管伸长停滞。这些影响感热性品种比耐热性品种表现更为明显。在雌性系统中未见明显影响。  相似文献   

Comparison of heat tolerance of feedlot heifers of different breeds   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T.M. Brown-Brandl  J.A. Nienaber  R.A. Eigenberg  T.L. Mader  J.L. Morrow  J.W. Dailey 《Livestock Science》2006,105(1-3):19-26

Heat stress in cattle causes decreases in feed intake and feed efficiency; in extreme cases, it can cause death. These losses amount to millions of dollars each year. A study was designed to determine severity of heat stress among four breeds of cattle. Throughout two summers, 256 feedlot heifers of four different breeds were observed. Respiration rates, panting scores, and surface temperatures were taken twice each day on 10 animals/breed for several weeks during the summers of 2002 and 2003. Twenty-four-hour behavior measurements were recorded for four heat-stress and four thermoneutral days. Results showed during the afternoon, Angus cattle (black) had the highest respiration rates, panting scores, and surface temperatures, followed by the MARC III (dark red), Gelbvieh (tan), and Charolais (white). Behavior data showed that heat stress increased drinking and standing behavior, and decreased eating, lying, and agonistic behaviors, and that dark-hided cattle adjusted their behavior more than light-hided cattle. Overall, it was found that breed of cattle with dark-hides were more affected by temperature changes and at peak temperatures than breeds of cattle with light-hides.  相似文献   

Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers     

T.M. Brown-Brandl  R.A. Eigenberg  J.A. Nienaber 《Livestock Science》2006,105(1-3):57-68

Heat stress in cattle results in millions of dollars in lost revenue each year due to production losses, and in extreme cases, death. Death losses are more likely to result from animals vulnerable to heat stress. A study was conducted to determine risk factors for heat stress in feedlot heifers. Over two consecutive summers, a total of 256 feedlot heifers (32/ breed/ year) of four breeds were observed. As a measure of stress, respiration rates and panting scores were taken twice daily (morning and afternoon) on a random sample of 10 heifers/ breed. Weights, condition scores, and temperament scores were taken on 28-day intervals during the experiment. Health history from birth to slaughter was available for every animal used in this study. It was found that at temperatures above 25 °C, dark-hided animals were 25% more stressed than light-colored; a history of respiratory pneumonia increased stress level by 10.5%; each level of fatness increased stress level by approximately 10%; and excitable animals had a 3.2% higher stress level than calm animals. Not only did the stress level increase with these risk factors, but average daily gain was reduced. The Charolais cattle gained significantly more than all other breeds of cattle tested. Calm cattle gained 5% more than excitable cattle. Finally, cattle treated for pneumonia gained approximately 8% slower than non-treated cattle. The results of this study have not only revealed heat stress risk factors of breed (color), condition score (fatness), temperament, and health history (treated or not treated for pneumonia), but have also shown the effectiveness of using respiration rate as an indicator of heat stress.  相似文献   

Effects of chilled drinking water on the performance of lactating sows and their litters during high ambient temperatures under farm conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J.H. Jeon  S.C. Yeon  Y.H. Choi  W. Min  S. Kim  P.J. Kim  H.H. Chang   《Livestock Science》2006,105(1-3):86-93

Heat stress has detrimental effects on lactating sows and their litters, including decreased feed intake and milk production in sows and decreased weight gain in their offspring. It also increases respiration rate, rectal temperature, and weaning to estrus interval in sows. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chilled water (CW) on the performance of lactating sows and their litters exposed to high ambient temperatures for 21 days. Ninety multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; parity range: 2 to 5) and their litters (Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc) were divided into 3 blocks (30 each). Sows and their litters within each block were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups (n = 10 each). Each group was provided with drinking water at 10, 15, or 22 °C (control) under farm conditions where ambient temperature above 25 °C was consistent during the experimental period. Sows on CW (both 10 and 15 °C) consumed more feed and water than did control (P < 0.01) and higher estimated milk production compared with control (P < 0.01), but had lower rectal temperature and respiration rate compared with control (P < 0.01). Mean weaning weight (P < 0.01) and average daily gain (P < 0.01) of litters in CW groups were higher than those in control group. There were no differences in the measured variables, with the exception of the respiration rates, between the two CW treatment groups. These results suggest that CW may improve the performance of sows and their litters exposed to high ambient temperatures and the 15 °C water, from an energy viewpoint, may be more effective.  相似文献   

Utility of on- and off-farm weather records for studies in genetics of heat tolerance     

M.S. Freitas  I. Misztal  J. Bohmanova  J. West 《Livestock Science》2006,105(1-3):223-228

Utility of weather information from on-farm and weather stations was evaluated for the application in studies on the genetics of heat stress. Daily milk yield of 31 primiparous Holstein cows was collected at Tifton, GA, from April 28 to July 19, 1993. Weather information was recorded on-farm and was available from weather stations in Georgia. Analyses used daily average of temperature–humidity index (THI). Effects of threshold of heat stress and the rate of decline in milk after the threshold were estimated. With on-farm weather data, threshold was at THI = 22 and rate of decline was − 1.12 kg of milk per unit of THI measured 2 days before milking. At the Tifton weather station, 3 km away from the farm, the threshold was THI = 20 and the rate was the same. With data from Macon, Columbus, Atlanta, and Athens stations, the threshold was at 20, 21, 20, and 20, respectively, and the rate of decline with a 2 day lag was − 0.88, − 1.02, − 0.90, and − 0.97 kg of milk per unit of THI. Subsequent analysis included 2260 test day records from the same farm from 1993 to 2003 and weather data from Tifton station. The highest rate of decline on milk yield of − 0.22 kg per unit of THI occurred at the threshold of 20 and no lag. For data restricted to 1999–2003, the threshold increased to 22 and the rate to − 0.46 kg per THI unit. Public stations provide satisfactory information for national genetic evaluation for heat stress. Critical parts in such an evaluation are modeling of test days and accounting for changes among farms and weather stations over time.  相似文献