Environmental impacts from herbicide tolerant canola production in Western Canada     

Stuart J. SmythMichael Gusta  Kenneth BelcherPeter W.B. Phillips  David Castle 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(5):403-410

The commercial production of herbicide tolerant (HT) canola began in Western Canada in 1997. With more than a decade of use, the actual farm-level environmental impact of HT canola can be evaluated. This article reports on a spring 2007 survey of nearly 600 canola farmers in the three prairie provinces of Western Canada. Producers were asked about their crop production experiences for 2005 and 2006 and expected crop planting for 2007. A reduction in the total number of chemical applications over the 3-year period was reported, resulting in a decrease of herbicide active ingredient being applied to farmland in Western Canada of nearly 1.3 million kg annually. Fewer tillage passes over the survey period were reported, improving moisture conservation, decreasing soil erosion and contributing to carbon sequestration in annual cropland. An estimated 1 million tonnes of carbon is either sequestered or no longer released under land management facilitated by HT canola production, as compared to 1995. The value of this carbon off-set is estimated to be C$5 million. Comparisons with similar studies and against non-adoption of HT canola can guide future decisions about HT canola adoption.  相似文献   

Management of cruciferous cover crops by mowing for soil and water conservation in southern Spain     

C. Alcántara  A. PujadasM. Saavedra 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(6):1071-1080

In recent years, the use of cover crops in Mediterranean olive orchards has increased due to serious soil erosion problems and surface water contamination by herbicides. In these areas, the annual precipitation regime is strongly seasonal, with dry summers that require killing the cover crop before it competes with the trees for water. Cruciferous species are being introduced as cover crops in southern Spain, and their management by mowing could reduce the use of herbicides. However, the use of mowing as a management system requires an understanding of the phenology of these species to identify the most suitable mowing date to derive the greatest possible soil water content. The aims of this study were the following: (1) to assess the susceptibility of cruciferous species to mowing, their regrowth ability and the persistence of their residues on the soil surface after mowing, and (2) to identify the best mowing date for the cover crops in relation to the soil moisture content in the environmental conditions of southern Spain. For these purposes, the emergence, ground cover, biomass and regrowth after two mowing dates of common mustard (Sinapis alba L. subsp. mairei), rocket (Eruca vesicaria), radish (Raphanus sativus) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) were evaluated in field trials during 2001/2002. In addition, during 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, the moisture content of soil sowed with common mustard and rocket cover crops was assessed at different mowing dates and compared with a bare soil control. Common mustard was the most favourable species for management by mowing due to its lack of regrowth after mowing. Early mowing (March 10th) reduced soil moisture due to the regrowth of the cover crop, fast decomposition of cover residues and weed proliferation. Late mowing (April 24th) led to little or no regrowth of the cover crops, large biomass and high persistence of cover residues, which provided effective soil ground cover, avoided the emergence of spring-summer weeds and helped retain soil moisture, reaching a similar water content to bare soil. These results suggest that cruciferous cover crops killed by mowing in late April can be used to replace no-tillage bare soil management systems to reduce the use of herbicides and preserve soil and water quality.  相似文献   

玉米抗除草剂体细胞变异体的筛选及植株再生   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

王延峰  李国圣 《河南农业科学》2001,(12):16-19

将玉米优良自交系齐 31 9和N1 0 - 6产生的胚性愈伤组织 ,转移到加有半致死浓度除草剂绿磺隆的培养基上 ,经 3代筛选 ,获得抗除草剂愈伤组织。在加有除草剂的分化培养基上 ,抗性愈伤组织分化出植株。除草剂对愈伤组织的生长与分化有显著影响。再生植株移栽成活后 ,自交结实 ,获得种子。再生植株农艺性状与对照相似。除草剂抗性鉴定结果表明 ,再生植株及其后代对除草剂绿黄隆的抗性有了明显提高  相似文献   

抗除草剂转基因水稻及其生物安全性的探讨     

孟颖颖李克斌  吴忠义常敬礼杨德光  刘学堂付建业 《勤云标准版测试》2006,(10)

抗除草剂转基因水稻在转基因水稻的研究和利用中占主导地位,其安全性问题也成为人们关注的焦点。文章简述了稻田中主要使用的几种除草剂及其作用机理,水稻抗除草剂基因的转化方法及抗性机理,讨论了抗除草剂转基因水稻的应用及生物安全性问题,并对今后的研究与应用进行了展望。  相似文献   

薏苡田主要杂草及化学防除技术研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王宏富  郭平毅 《山西农业科学》1997,25(4):76-79

薏苡田杂草有12科19种。采用苗前土壤处理，阿特拉津、乙莠合剂、施田补、甲磺隆、绿磺隆等防效显著，杀草谱宽；禾耐斯、拉索对禾本科杂草防效显著；苯磺隆、速收、阔叶枯对阔叶杂草防效好。所有药剂处理后浅混土比不混土防效显著。苗后茎叶处理，阔叶枯、甲磺隆、绿磺隆药效较慢，但对阔叶杂草防效最好；乙莠合剂、阿特拉津、利收药效快，但防效与杂草大小、施药均匀度关系密切，杂草较小、喷洒均匀防效较好，反之则差；2，4－D丁酯在阔叶杂草小时防效显著，大时受害严重但不死亡；施田补用于苗后茎叶处理防效较差。除收乐通以及与利收混配处理对薏苡有药害外，其余各处理均对薏苡安全。  相似文献   

抗除草剂油菜雄性不育系选育及利用研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张涛 《西北农业学报》2007,16(1):127-130

对抗草甘膦油菜“Quest”的抗性遗传研究结果表明,油菜对草甘膦的抗性为显性性状,由1对基因控制,抗草甘麟基因在F2和BC1群体遵循孟德尔分离规律。以抗草甘膦油菜“Quest”和双低雄性不育系“G851A”、保持系“G851B”为亲本材料,经5个轮回世代的回交、自交和测交,育成了抗除草剂油菜雄性不育系“K851A”和保持系“K851B”。“K851A”不育系株型紧凑,不育性彻底,双低品质稳定,且具有除草剂抗性,组配的杂交组合K851A/C-1平均产量达3426.0 kg/hm2,较对照增产12.84%。  相似文献   

保护剂减轻氯嘧磺隆对玉米残留药害的作用机理     

郭玉莲 《农业环境保护》2011,(4):645-649

采用沙培方法,利用生理生化试验及半定量PCR方法,研究了保护剂HN对玉米ALS、GSTs活性及GSTs的mRNA表达量的影响。结果表明,保护剂对6个玉米品种的ALS、GSTs均具有诱导作用,但对不同品种的诱导增加百分率却不同。对氯嘧磺隆敏感的玉米东甜3号的GSTs诱导增加百分率达到59.18,对其ALS的诱导倍数为叶部1.29倍,根部2.30倍;对氯嘧磺隆耐性较高的玉米屯玉88GSTs诱导增加百分率为19.26,其ALS的诱导倍数为叶部1.07倍,根部2.07倍。氯嘧磺隆和保护剂均可以诱导玉米GSTsmRNA的相对表达量的增加,保护剂的诱导作用更强。  相似文献   

Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides     

Ales Gregorc  James D. Ellis 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,99(2):200-207

In this study, cell death detected by DNA fragmentation labeling and phosphatidylserine (PS) localization was investigated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) midgut, salivary glands and ovaries after treating larvae with different pesticides offered via an artificial diet. To do this, honey bee larvae reared in an incubator were exposed to one of nine pesticides: chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, amitraz, fluvalinate, coumaphos, myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, glyphosate and simazine. Following this, larvae were fixed and prepared for immunohistologically detected cellular death using two TUNEL techniques for DNA fragmentation labeling and Annexin V to detect the localization of exposed PS specific in situ binding to apoptotic cells. Untreated larvae experienced ∼10% midgut apoptotic cell death under controlled conditions. All applied pesticides triggered an increase in apoptosis in treated compared to untreated larvae. The level of cell death in the midgut of simazine-treated larvae was highest at 77% mortality and statistically similar to the level of cell death for chlorpyrifos (65%), imidacloprid (61%), myclobutanil (69%), and glyphosate (69%) treated larvae. Larvae exposed to fluvalinate had the lowest midgut columnar apoptotic cell death (30%) of any pesticide-treated larvae. Indications of elevated apoptotic cell death in salivary glands and ovaries after pesticide application were detected. Annexin V localization, indicative of apoptotic cell deletion, had an extensive distribution in the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries of pesticide-treated larvae. The data suggest that the tested pesticides induced apoptosis in tissues of honey bee larvae at the tested concentrations. Cell death localization as a tool for a monitoring the subclinical and sub-lethal effects of external influences on honey bee larval tissues is discussed.  相似文献   

大豆苗后除草剂灭草松与精喹禾灵联合防除马唐、反枝苋的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢向阳  徐筠  陈莉  刘巽浩  李孙荣 《大豆科学》2001,20(4):302-304

在温室内采用单轴等效线法测定大豆苗后除草剂灭草松与精喹禾灵联合作用的结果表明 ,灭草松与精喹禾灵混用对马唐有增效作用 ,随着灭草松的剂量从 0增加到 60 0 ga .i./hm2 ,精喹禾灵抑制马唐 90 %的有效剂量 (ED90 )随之从 14.88ga .i./hm2 下降到 4 .89ga .i./hm2 。当灭草松与精喹禾灵以低剂量混用时 ,对反枝苋表现为拮抗作用 ,而两者以高剂量混用时 ,表现为增效作用  相似文献   

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for herbicide mechanisms of action     

Franck E. Dayan  Maria Leticia de M. Zaccaro 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,102(3):189-197

Photosynthesis is the single most important source of O₂ and organic chemical energy necessary to support all non-autotrophic life forms. Plants compartmentalize this elaborate biochemical process within chloroplasts in order to safely harness the power of solar energy and convert it into usable chemical units. Stresses (biotic or abiotic) that challenge the integrity of the plant cell are likely to affect photosynthesis and alter chlorophyll fluorescence. A simple three-step assay was developed to test selected herbicides representative of the known herbicide mechanisms of action and a number of natural phytotoxins to determine their effect on photosynthesis as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. The most active compounds were those interacting directly with photosynthesis (inhibitors of photosystem I and II), those inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, and those with mechanisms of action generating reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (uncouplers and inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase). Other active compounds targeted lipids (very-long-chain fatty acid synthase and removal of cuticular waxes). Therefore, induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a good biomarker to help identify certain herbicide modes of action and their dependence on light for bioactivity.  相似文献