Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides     

Ales Gregorc  James D. Ellis 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,99(2):200-207

In this study, cell death detected by DNA fragmentation labeling and phosphatidylserine (PS) localization was investigated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) midgut, salivary glands and ovaries after treating larvae with different pesticides offered via an artificial diet. To do this, honey bee larvae reared in an incubator were exposed to one of nine pesticides: chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, amitraz, fluvalinate, coumaphos, myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, glyphosate and simazine. Following this, larvae were fixed and prepared for immunohistologically detected cellular death using two TUNEL techniques for DNA fragmentation labeling and Annexin V to detect the localization of exposed PS specific in situ binding to apoptotic cells. Untreated larvae experienced ∼10% midgut apoptotic cell death under controlled conditions. All applied pesticides triggered an increase in apoptosis in treated compared to untreated larvae. The level of cell death in the midgut of simazine-treated larvae was highest at 77% mortality and statistically similar to the level of cell death for chlorpyrifos (65%), imidacloprid (61%), myclobutanil (69%), and glyphosate (69%) treated larvae. Larvae exposed to fluvalinate had the lowest midgut columnar apoptotic cell death (30%) of any pesticide-treated larvae. Indications of elevated apoptotic cell death in salivary glands and ovaries after pesticide application were detected. Annexin V localization, indicative of apoptotic cell deletion, had an extensive distribution in the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries of pesticide-treated larvae. The data suggest that the tested pesticides induced apoptosis in tissues of honey bee larvae at the tested concentrations. Cell death localization as a tool for a monitoring the subclinical and sub-lethal effects of external influences on honey bee larval tissues is discussed.  相似文献   

大豆苗后除草剂灭草松与精喹禾灵联合防除马唐、反枝苋的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢向阳  徐筠  陈莉  刘巽浩  李孙荣 《大豆科学》2001,20(4):302-304

在温室内采用单轴等效线法测定大豆苗后除草剂灭草松与精喹禾灵联合作用的结果表明 ,灭草松与精喹禾灵混用对马唐有增效作用 ,随着灭草松的剂量从 0增加到 60 0 ga .i./hm2 ,精喹禾灵抑制马唐 90 %的有效剂量 (ED90 )随之从 14.88ga .i./hm2 下降到 4 .89ga .i./hm2 。当灭草松与精喹禾灵以低剂量混用时 ,对反枝苋表现为拮抗作用 ,而两者以高剂量混用时 ,表现为增效作用  相似文献   

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for herbicide mechanisms of action     

Franck E. Dayan  Maria Leticia de M. Zaccaro 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,102(3):189-197

Photosynthesis is the single most important source of O₂ and organic chemical energy necessary to support all non-autotrophic life forms. Plants compartmentalize this elaborate biochemical process within chloroplasts in order to safely harness the power of solar energy and convert it into usable chemical units. Stresses (biotic or abiotic) that challenge the integrity of the plant cell are likely to affect photosynthesis and alter chlorophyll fluorescence. A simple three-step assay was developed to test selected herbicides representative of the known herbicide mechanisms of action and a number of natural phytotoxins to determine their effect on photosynthesis as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. The most active compounds were those interacting directly with photosynthesis (inhibitors of photosystem I and II), those inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, and those with mechanisms of action generating reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (uncouplers and inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase). Other active compounds targeted lipids (very-long-chain fatty acid synthase and removal of cuticular waxes). Therefore, induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a good biomarker to help identify certain herbicide modes of action and their dependence on light for bioactivity.  相似文献   

果尔在苗圃针叶树育苗除草中的应用     

刘继先 《林业勘查设计》2012,(1):57-58

果尔作为一种应用较多的化学除草剂,已经在苗圃中广泛应用。通过试验得出结论:一年生针叶树出苗前采用果尔土壤处理除草,对红松效果最好,其次是红皮云杉和樟子松。二年生针叶苗木生长期采用果尔土壤处理除草,对红皮云杉效果最好,其次是红松和樟子松。因此说果尔是林区比较理想的除草剂。  相似文献   

11种除草剂对秋播豌豆生长发育的影响及防效研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄启鹏  张亚婷  宫香伟  夏美娟  任慧莉  李忠豪  冯佰利  王鹏科  高金锋 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(7):1053-1066

化学除草剂已成为农田控制杂草的重要技术措施,但目前还没有针对豌豆田杂草的高效、安全除草剂。为此,本文以陕西省关中地区主栽品种‘西豌2号’为试验材料,采用6种苗前除草剂（48%氟乐灵乳油、50%乙草胺乳油、33%二甲戊灵乳油、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、50%敌草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂）和5种苗后除草剂（15%精吡氟禾草灵乳油、10%精喹禾灵乳油、12.5%烯禾啶乳油、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油、12%烯草酮乳油）处理,设清水喷施（CK1）和人工除草（CK2）为对照,调查秋豌豆田杂草种类,研究不同除草剂的防除效果,探讨各除草剂对秋豌豆生育进程、形态特征、经济效益等相关指标的影响。结果表明：1）研究区秋豌豆田杂草共7科13种,以阔叶类杂草为主,其中阔叶杂草9种。除草剂对杂草株数和鲜重均有不同程度的防效作用,苗前除草剂以33%二甲戊灵综合防效最佳,苗后除草剂以12%烯草酮综合防效最佳。2）自越冬期至开花期,各除草剂均对秋豌豆株高、叶绿素相对含量产生显著影响,但从始荚期开始,影响不再显著。不同种类的除草剂对秋豌豆根、茎、叶器官各时期干物质的积累量均有不同程度的抑制作用,各处理的秋豌豆茎、叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于人工除草,叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于茎器官。3）除草剂对百粒重、荚长等产量构成因素影响不显著,除10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵导致产量略微下降之外,其他除草剂均表现出一定的增产作用,其中33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮可使秋豌豆增产25%以上。所有除草剂处理的净收入均有所增加,以33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮处理的净收入为同时期除草剂中最高。由此可见,除草剂的使用有助于种植者经济效益的提高,结合各除草剂的防除效果、安全性、经济效益,苗前除草剂33%二甲戊灵和苗后除草剂12%烯草酮在秋豌豆田的综合效应分别为同时期除草剂中最佳。本试验条件下,针对秋豌豆田,苗前除草剂推荐使用33%二甲戊灵,苗后除草剂推荐使用12%烯草酮。  相似文献   

除草剂胁迫下3种牧草浸提液对受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响     

张金花  何静  张小彦  张树衡  张恒  李彦湘 《草地学报》2021,29(8):1719-1728

为探明除草剂胁迫对3种牧草的化感作用，本研究采用室内生测法，采用不同推荐剂量的草铵膦和草甘膦分别处理紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和红豆草（Onobrychis viciaefolia）幼苗，测定3种牧草浸提液对受体小白菜（Brassica chinensis）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响，并结合化感效应值对牧草的化感活性进行分析，旨在为牧草田的杂草防治及科学使用除草剂提供理论参考。结果表明：3种牧草浸提液对受体植物发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、苗高、最大根长及活力指数均具有一定的影响，对最大根长的影响最大；受2种除草剂胁迫后，供试牧草的化感作用均显著高于清水处理，其中草甘膦胁迫后的表现更为明显，其对供试牧草化感作用的强弱顺序为：红豆草>紫花苜蓿>黑麦草。综上，除草剂胁迫下可明显增强紫花苜蓿、红豆草和黑麦草的化感作用。  相似文献   

Marker gene excision in transgenic Brassica napus via Agrobacterium-mediated Cre/lox transient expression system     

《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2020,5(2):58-65

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. However, study on marker-free transgene of B. napus for bio-safety purpose is limited in this allotetraploid crop. In order to advance marker gene excision research, a newly designed Cre/lox system combining crossing and auto-excision strategy was introduced into B. napus. The system consists of 2 sets of independent vectors including pC35Spro::T7RP carrying T7 RNA polymerase and pCT7pro::Cre carrying T7 promoter respectively. After hybridization of 2 according types of transgenic B. napus, marker gene would be removed as T7 RNA polymerase facilitate T7 promoter to promote Cre gene expression. Totally 52 and 46 positive T₀ transgenic lines of these 2 vectors were obtained after identification by PCR and test trip. T₁ plants from 3 T₀ positive pC35Spro::T7RP lines and 2 T₀ positive pC35Spro::T7RP lines were identified as single copy according to segregation ratio and were chosen for crossing. However, expression of CP4 EPSPS (glyphosate resistance gene) and OXY (bromoxynil resistance gene) were not found in F₁ progeny, which proved that the excision was not complete. The possible reasons for our limited success were investigated and detailed analyses were performed. Although this system is not applicable for generating transgenic B. napus free from selectable marker gene, it provided valuable experience and clue for further improvement of this technique. Many other advantages and further improvement will be progressed in future work.  相似文献   

Effect of herbicide application on weed flora under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe     

《Crop Protection》2014

Increased challenges of weed control in the smallholder farming sector of southern Africa have often resulted in small yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed control strategies on weed flora and composition under conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Zimbabwe. This study was conducted at three on-station trial sites namely Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), University of Zimbabwe farm (UZ farm) and Henderson Research Station (HRS) in a maize–soybean rotation for four seasons from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 seasons. Hand weeding was done whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in circumference for weeds with a stoloniferous growth habit. Weed identification was done up to the weed species level, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity and evenness index was used to determine the response of weed flora to herbicides. Results showed that there were more weeds in the early years which decreased gradually until the final season. Weed species diversity was not affected by herbicide application and the results indicated that weed species diversity was small in CA systems. Annual weed species constituted a greater proportion of species, and species richness decreased with the duration of the study. Richardia scabra L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. were the most common dominant weed species at all sites and in all seasons. Moreover, herbicide application had no effect on the evenness of weeds in the plots but site characteristics had a significant effect on the distribution of weed species (weed species evenness). The results presented in this study suggest that herbicide application facilitates a depletion of weed seed bank/number of weeds over time. Thus, herbicide application in CA has potential to reduce weed density, species richness and species diversity in the long term which may lead to more labour savings and larger yields.  相似文献   

Response of the Weed Maryland Meadowbeauty (Rhexia mariana L.) and Blueberry to Flumioxazin PRE     

Meagan M. Coneybeer-Roberts  Katherine M. Jennings 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2016,16(3):301-309

Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in North Carolina to determine the response of the weed Maryland meadowbeauty and blueberry to flumioxazin PRE (pre-emergence). No injury to non-bearing (blueberry plants not mature enough to produce fruit) or bearing (blueberry plants mature enough to produce fruit) blueberry from flumioxazin PRE was observed. In non-bearing blueberry, control of meadowbeauty was greater than 97% 90 DAT (days after treatment) with the registered rate of 0.42 kg ai ha^–1 flumioxazin. Across two studies in bearing blueberry, a single application of flumioxazin at 0.42 kg ai ha^–1 controlled meadowbeauty 79% to 92% 90 DAT. Flumioxazin at 0.21 kg ai ha^–1 applied twice 60 d apart resulted in greater than 96% meadowbeauty control 90 d after the first application. Treatments of flumioxazin applied as a single application or two applications applied sequentially 60 d apart in bearing blueberry had yields ranging from 3150 to 6065 kg ha^–1and 3551 to 5735 kg ha^–1, respectively, and did not have a negative effect on blueberry yield regardless of application rate compared to the nontreated check.  相似文献   

乙草胺和嗪草酮水基性制剂的研制及其应用     

卢向阳  方矩生  徐筠  康巧华 《华北农学报》1999,14(4):128-133

改变传统的将乙嗪合剂加工成乳油或可湿性粉剂的惯例,研制出一种新型的水基性除草剂—２８％乙嗪悬乳剂。温室盆栽试验表明,乙草胺与嗪草酮混用对防除某些杂草有互补作用。采用孙云沛法测定表明,两者混用对牛筋草和苘麻有增效作用,对马唐和反枝苋有相加作用。对杂草马唐、藜和反枝苋使用后测定,２８％乙嗪悬乳剂对玉米、大豆、花生的选择性指数分别为２．５７,２．２８和２．１４,２．１７。经１９９６～１９９８年田间试验表  相似文献