露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究     

刘维震  张宏彦  江荣风  张福锁 《土壤通报》2007,38(1):58-63

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。  相似文献   

不同品种水稻产量形成过程的养分积累与分配特征研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

林瑞余  梁义元  蔡碧琼  蔡向阳  肖美秀  郑履端  林文雄 《中国生态农业学报》2007,15(5):139-146

通过测定三系杂交稻"汕优63"、两系杂交稻"两优2186"和常规稻"IR64"不同器官N、P和K含量动态,探讨了3种水稻各生育期的养分积累与分配特征。结果表明:3种水稻稻株N含量均随生长过程逐渐下降,同一生育期水稻N含量以"汕优63"最高;除"汕优63"K含量在齐穗时明显上升外,3种水稻的K含量随生长过程逐渐下降;而P含量总体上在分蘖盛期最高。完熟期3种水稻的N积累量依次为24.79g/m2、15.14g/m2和14.42g/m2,P积累量为4.766g/m2、3.306g/m2和3.678g/m2,K积累量为2.439g/m22、.029g/m2和1.725g/m2。"汕优63"分配到籽粒中的N素比例为61.23%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高17.97%和11.23%;分配到籽粒中的P素比例为62.97%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高6.41%和9.63%;分配到籽粒中的K素比例为27.51%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"低3.00%和2.39%。在全生育期中,"汕优63"、"两优2186"和"IR64"的N需求量依次为31.33g/m2、22.88 g/m2、24.82g/m2,N、P、K吸收比依次为1∶0.192∶0.098、1∶0.219∶0.134和1∶0.255∶0.120。3种水稻中"汕优63"的养分生产效率最低。N、P、K生产效率"汕优63"依次为37.25kg/kg、193.80kg/kg和378.80kg/kg,"两优2186"依次为52.54 kg/kg、240.38kg/kg和392.16kg/kg,"IR64"依次为58.38kg/kg、228.83kg/kg和487.80kg/kg。三系杂交稻"汕优63"的N、P、K需求量大,积累量高,分配到籽粒中的比例亦高,与其高产特性相吻合。在保证N、P、K供给的前提下,进一步提高养分生产效率是实现"汕优63"高产、高效的关键。  相似文献   

基于GIS与GPS的中国农村精准施肥的方法研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  

王强  马友华  胡宏祥  刘绍贵  赵艳萍  钱国平  邱宁宁  胡德春 《中国农学通报》2006,22(7):524-529

在利用GIS和GPS研究土壤养分空间变异的基础上,以农户作为精准施肥的单元,探讨在中国农村进行精准施肥的途径。结果表明,不同农户地块养分存在一定空间变异性,由此导致相邻农户施肥量存在差异性,而采用农户为单元的施肥推荐既可以避免土壤养分空间变异造成的推荐施肥偏差,又可考虑中国农村分散经营的实际的状况,从而使土壤养分管理更加精细化。  相似文献   

规模化畜禽养殖场粪便养分数据空间化表征方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

阎波杰  潘瑜春 《农业机械学报》2014,45(11):154-158

针对目前进行规模化养殖场粪便养分分配,主要以行政单元为单位将规模化养殖统计数据总量按农田面积简单分配,认为所有的农用地之间都是均匀的,而忽视了农用地块之间存在差异性的问题,利用GIS空间分析技术,结合农用地地块间的空间差异性以及规模养殖畜禽粪便作为肥料施用的特殊性,构建了规模化畜禽养殖统计数据空间化算法,并结合农用地最大养分负荷,实现从规模畜禽养殖统计数据到区域畜禽粪便养分供给的空间化转换,最后以福州市闽侯县上街镇为例进行了算法的实际应用。结果表明研究区农用地氮、磷最大养分负荷分别为169.994 kg/hm2和34.973 kg/hm2。无论是畜禽养殖粪便氮养分还是磷养分,都未超过算法设定的阈值。  相似文献   

粉煤灰和猪粪好氧混合堆肥过程中养分转化研究   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

李荣华  张广杰  秦睿  张增强 《农业机械学报》2012,43(4):100-105,142

以猪粪为堆肥原材料,以玉米秸秆粉为调理剂,并添加干质量分数为0、2.5％、5.0％、7.5％和10％的粉煤灰进行90 d好氧堆肥,研究不同用量粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。结果表明：添加粉煤灰能提高堆体的pH值,但在后期对电导率（EC）的增加有一定的抑制;碳氮比随着堆肥时间的延长而降低,而总氮（TN）则相反;当粉煤灰质量分数达10%时,在60d后堆体TN明显降低;添加粉煤灰对NH+4-N无明显影响,而所有添加粉煤灰均会抑制堆肥中NO3-N 的生成,且与粉煤灰用量呈正相关;添加粉煤灰对总磷（TP）和总钾（TK）的影响不大,但会抑制雪里蕻根部的生长。结合发芽率试验结果可以认为,90 d的试验中所添加的粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥的腐熟没有影响。  相似文献   

Use of saline aquaculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower in semiarid coastal zones of China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Zhao Gengmao  S.K. Mehta 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(12):1987-1993

In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m⁻¹), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m⁻¹) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m⁻¹) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m⁻¹. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments, and the maximum value occurred in the 22.0 dS m⁻¹ treatment. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 4.1 to 11.7 mmol^1/2 L^−1/2 and increased with decreasing salinity of irrigation water. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) when irrigated with saline aquaculture wastewater compared to the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments; however, the effect of salinity on root biomass was much smaller than the aerial parts. Concomitantly, the highest tuber yield of Jerusalem artichoke occurred in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment, while the highest seed yield of sunflower occurred in the rainfed treatment. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of Jerusalem artichoke were significantly higher in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment than the other treatments. This study demonstrated that properly diluted saline aquaculture wastewater can be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher economic yield and nutrient removal, but not sunflower due to the difference in salt tolerance.  相似文献   

Nitrogen and phosphorus use in maize sole cropping and maize/cowpea mixed cropping systems on an Alfisol in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana     

R. Härdter  W. J. Horst 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,10(4):267-275

Summary The use of N and P by mixed and by sole cropping (crop rotation) of maize and cowpeas were compared in a field experiment on an Alfisol at the Nyankpala Agricultural Experiment Station in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana, using two levels of N (0 and 80 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 as urea) and P application (0 and 60 kg P ha^-1 year^-1 as Volta phosphate rock). Maize grain yields were significantly reduced in the mixed cropping system. This yield difference became smaller with the application of N and P fertilizer. The N and P concentrations in maize ear leaves at silking indicated that a deficiency in N and P contributed to the maize yield depression in mixed cropping. Competition for soil and fertilizer N between maize and cowpeas was suggested by: (1) A similarity in total N uptake between the two cropping systems; (2) efficient use of soil nitrate by the cowpeas; and (3) low N₂ fixation by the cowpeas, calculated with the aid of an extended-difference method. In general, N₂ fixation was low, with the highest values in the sole cropping (53 kg ha^-1) and a substantial reduction in the mixed cropping system. The application of N fertilizer further reduced N₂ fixation. This was substantiated by nodule counts. The lower N₂ fixation in the mixed cropping system was only partly explained by the lower density of cowpeas in this system. In addition, dry spells during the cropping season and shading by the maize component could have reduced the nodulation efficiency. No N transfer from the legume/rhizobium to the non-legume crop was observed. Impaired P nutrition in the mixed compared with the sole-cropped maize might have been due to less P mobility in the soil. This was indicated by lower soil moisture contents in the topsoil under mixed cropping, especially during the dry year of 1986. The results show that mixed cropping of maize and cowpeas did not lead to improved use of soil and fertilizer N and P or to an enhanced N₂ fixation. On the contrary, an annual rotation of maize and cowpeas was clearly superior.  相似文献   

The effect of disturbance by Phellinus weirii on decomposition and nutrient mineralization in a Tsuga mertensiana forest     

K. Cromack Jr  J. A. Entry  T. Savage 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,11(4):245-249

Summary Microbial biomass in the upper 7 cm of soil and needle decomposition on the forest floor were measured seasonally for 10 months in a mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) old-growth forest and in a regrowth forest after Phellinus weirii, a root-rot pathogen infection, had caused disturbance. The microbial biomass was higher in the old-growth forest soil than in the regrowth forest soil. However, T. mertensiana needle decomposition rates were higher in the regrowth than in the old-growth forest. Total N, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations in needles increased during the 1st year of decomposition in both the old and the regrowth forests, but P, K, Mg, Mn, and B concentrations decreased. N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in regrowth than in old-growth decomposing needles. During mineralization, needles in the regrowth forests released more N, P, and K as a result of higher needle decomposition rates. Our results suggest that higher needle decomposition rates increased the mineralization of N, P, and K, which may lead to increased soil fertility and faster tree growth rates in the regrowth forest.  相似文献   

Carbon and nitrogen budgets of nematodes in arable soil   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. Sohlenius  S. Boström  A. Sandor 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1988,6(1):1-8

Summary The amounts of C and N that pass through the nematode biomass in four cropping systems, barley without and with N fertilization, grass ley and lucerne, has been estimated. The nematodes were sampled at the field site of a Swedish integrated research project Ecology of Arable Land: The Role of Organisms in Nitrogen Cycling. The nematode biomass was lower (200 mg dry weight m^–2) in the annual (barley) than in the perennial (grass and lucerne, 350 mg dry weight m^–2) crops. For respiration, the nematodes used 4–71 O₂m^–2 year^–1 corresponding to C liberation of 1.3%–2.0% of the carbon input to the soil. A higher relative contribution by bacterial-feeding nematodes to the C and N fluxes and a higher turnover rate of the nematode biomass is an indication of more rapid nutrient circulation in the annual than in the perennial cropping systems.  相似文献   

不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12  

田霄鸿  聂刚  李生秀 《土壤通报》2002,33(4):263-267

本试验模拟滴灌方法 ,在不同土壤层次进行灌水和施用氮磷养分的盆栽玉米试验 ,旨在探讨在不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对夏玉米幼苗生长、根系空间构型及玉米对养分吸收的影响。试验表明 :在土壤深层进行滴灌可以有效降低土面蒸发 ,提高水分和养分的利用效率 ,从而显著提高玉米幼苗的生长量 ;在不同层次施肥灌水 ,对玉米根系在土壤中的空间构型影响很大 ,进行深层滴灌可以极大促进根系在较深土壤中的发育 ;在不同土层施肥灌水对玉米幼苗吸收N、P、K三种养分的能力也有影响 ,深层施肥灌水提高了玉米对 3种养分的吸收量  相似文献