梨火疫病菌在中国的潜在分布及入侵风险分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈晨  陈娟  胡白石  白艺珍  姜英华  刘凤权 《中国农业科学》2007,40(5):940-947

 【目的】细菌性梨火疫病最早发生在北美洲，随着水果贸易等人为因素向世界其它地区传播。对当地的生物多样性和经济带来了极其严重的威胁，亟需对其在中国的适生区进行预测。【方法】苹果开花期的温度和降水量是影响梨火疫病菌适生分布的关键气候因子，本研究根据这一生物学特性及生态环境因子，应用地理信息系统分析得出了梨火疫病在中国两个苹果优势产区的潜在定殖区域。【结果】用该方法对梨火疫病在欧洲的发生情况的预测结果与其历史分布记录相符，使用相同的空间建模方法对梨火疫病在渤海湾和黄土高原两个苹果优势栽培产区的潜在定殖区域进行风险评估，结果表明这两大苹果产区中优先扶持的县大多处于梨火疫病发生的高风险范围。【结论】梨火疫病在中国的大部分地区适生，在有适宜寄主分布的地区，就可能严重发生。  相似文献   

Seven samurai to protect “our” food: the reform of the food safety regulatory system in Japan after the BSE crisis of 2001     

Keiko Tanaka 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(4):567-580

Using the case of food safety governance reform in Japan between 2001 and 2003, this paper examines the relationship between science and trust. The paper explains how the discovery of the first BSE positive cow and consequent food safety scandals in 2001 politicized the role of science in protecting the safety of the food supply. The analysis of the Parliamentary debate focuses on the contestation among legislators and other participants over three dimensions of risk science, including “knowledge,” “objects,” and “beneficiaries.” The metaphor of “seven samurai” and the relationally situated roles of “samurai,” “bandits,” and “beneficiaries” are used to show that in the process of policy making certain moral and ethical expectations on a new expert institution for food safety were contested and negotiated to frame responsibilities and commitments of social actors for creating the food system based on trust.

Keiko TanakaEmail:

  相似文献   

长期施肥对黄土区农田土壤动物群落的影响   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

林英华  杨学云  张夫道  古巧珍  孙本华  马路军 《中国农业科学》2005,38(6):1213-1218

 2001年7月至2002年10月，采用手捡法和Cobb过筛法,对陕西黄土区6种长期施肥，即对照组（不施肥，CK）、撂荒（不施肥、不耕种，用ABAND.表示）、施氮磷钾（NPK）、施氮磷钾+秸秆（SNPK）、施氮磷钾+有机肥（MNPK）和施1.5倍（氮磷钾+有机肥）（1.5MNPK）与农田土壤动物群落间相互关系进行研究。两年4次共采集72个定点土壤样品，获农田土壤动物标本5 495只，隶属6门11纲22目61科2亚科35属。调查结果表明，不同施肥处理对土壤动物的影响差异性显著（F = 2.24，P＜0.007)。土壤动物数量变化与长期施肥导致土壤性质的变化有关。主成分分析表明，SNPK、NPK、MNPK和1.5MNPK对土壤动物类群的影响能力显著不同，SNPK和NPK对土壤动物优势类群有正向作用，而MNPK和1.5MNPK则相反，对其它的解释不明显。从第一主分量看，各种施肥处理对土壤动物个体总数的综合影响最明显，对土壤动物群落均匀性、多样性影响最小；从评价值大小看，第一主成分特征向量最大值和最小值之间相差较大，表明6种施肥对农田土壤动物的影响不平衡。  相似文献   

Adapting the IUCN Red List criteria for invertebrates     

Pedro Cardoso  Paulo A.V. Borges  Kostas A. Triantis  Miguel A. Ferrández  José L. Martín 《Biological conservation》2011,(10):2432-2440

The IUCN Red List is the most useful list of species that are at risk for extinction worldwide, as it relies on a number of objective criteria. Nevertheless, there is a taxonomic bias that excludes species with small body sizes, narrow distribution ranges and low dispersal abilities, which constitute the vast majority of the planet’s biota, particularly local endemics.By evaluating each IUCN criterion separately, we (i) identify the shortcomings for invertebrate applications, (ii) explain how risk categories may be wrongly applied due to inapplicable and/or misleading thresholds, (iii) suggest alternative ways of applying the existing criteria in a more realistic way and (iv) suggest possible new criteria that were not considered in the current evaluation framework but that could allow a more comprehensive and effective assessment of invertebrates.By adapting the criteria to rely more explicitly on the Area of Occupancy and the Extent of Occurrence, their respective trends and by using ecological modelling methods, the criteria’s applicability would be increased. The change in some thresholds or, eventually, the creation of sub-categories would further increase their adequacy. Additionally, co-extinction could be introduced as an explicit part of the classification process.As a case study, we evaluated 48 species of Azorean arthropods and Iberian spiders according to the current criteria. More than one-quarter (27%) of all evaluated species were classified as Critically Endangered, 19% as Endangered, 6% as Vulnerable and 8% as Least Concern. The remaining 40% did not have enough data to reach a classification.  相似文献   

Quantifying the effect of Managed Aquifer Recharge on the microbiological human health risks of irrigating crops with recycled water     

Neus Ayuso-Gabella  Declan Page 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,99(1):93-102

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is increasingly being used for water recycling via aquifers and recovery for irrigation. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was used to assess the human health risks from irrigation using reclaimed water and to evaluate the reduction in risk where MAR is used for irrigation management. Four MAR sites (Shafdan, Israel; Nardò, Italy; Bolivar, Australia; and Sabadell, Spain) that use reclaimed water for crop and/or park irrigation were evaluated, and the risk to human health was quantified in terms of DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). The results indicated that median risks for all scenarios and pathogens evaluated were acceptable (<10⁻⁶ DALYs) with the exception of risks from accidental aerosol ingestion and bacterial pathogens at the Nardò site. MAR was found to be one of the most important treatment barriers in terms of log₁₀ inactivation credits and hence a useful tool for recycled water irrigation management. The Shafdan site relied almost completely on the MAR treatment to reduce the human health risks from irrigation to acceptable levels. For the Nardò site MAR was also an important barrier, where if MAR had not been used as part of the irrigation system the risk would be unacceptable for protozoa and viruses. The Bolivar and Sabadell sites had much larger and more technologically complex recycled water treatment systems and as such MAR was not a critical barrier in managing human health risks.  相似文献   

猪链球菌感染风险因子分析及控制要点     

王建  刘佩红  孙学强  沈素芳  陆承平 《中国动物检疫》2011,28(12):50-53

为控制猪场链球菌感染的风险,降低猪链球菌发病率。我们对猪链球菌感染的可能风险因素进行了分析,引入HACCP理念,绘制了猪场猪链球菌感染的流程图,识别出猪场猪链球菌感染的风险因子及关键控制点(CCP-like),即隐性带菌猪、混群饲养、精液、蓝耳病、伪狂犬及PCV-2型感染等病毒性免疫抑制病、疫苗免疫、药物预防。针对各关键控制点制定出相应的防控措施,为猪链球菌的防控提供了技术思路。  相似文献   

黄淮海平原旱田氮素损失特征及其环境影响研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

陈健  宋春梅  刘云慧 《中国生态农业学报》2006,14(2):99-102

利用N素平衡参数和统计数据计算黄淮海平原地区主要农作系统冬小麦田和夏玉米田N素损失特征及其环境影响研究结果表明,1992~1998年随N肥用量的增加,每公顷农田N肥总损失量及氨挥发、硝化-反硝化、淋洗与径流等损失量呈逐年递增趋势,且不同N肥利用率、土壤残留率和损失率不同,同一N肥在不同农作系统中利用率、土壤残留率及损失率亦不同,夏玉米田N肥损失率高于冬小麦田。并探讨了N肥损失的环境影响及主要技术对策。  相似文献   

Lessons about extinction and translocation: models for eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii) at Woodlands Historic Park, Victoria, Australia     

Charles R. Todd  Simone JenkinsAndrew R. Bearlin 《Biological conservation》2002,106(2):211-223

In 1998 the protected population of Perameles gunnii (eastern barred bandicoot) at Woodlands Historic Park, Victoria, Australia became functionally extinct following removals of individuals for translocation between 1994 and 1996. Population viability analysis and data collected whilst the population was in decline are used to explore the impact that these removals had on the decline of the P. gunnii population at Woodlands. Due to some ambiguities in the life history of P. gunnii at Woodlands, two structurally different population models were used. Explicitly including the removal of animals in the analysis indicates that there may be at least a three-fold increase in the risk of quasiextinction due to removals. In some scenarios, over 17% of the trajectories decrease to a level less than or equal to 10 females within the observed time period of the collapse of the population, that is by April 1998. The modelling approach identified a number of critical factors in the decline of the population, such as variation in survival rates. By representing the life history strategy using two alternate models, quantitative statements about the impact that removals had on the population decline at Woodlands are made. While removals probably contributed to the collapse of the population, removals were not the sole cause of population decline. The real reasons for decline remain unknown; however, it is likely to be closely linked to habitat decline, difficult environmental conditions and predation. If P. gunnii are reintroduced to Woodlands again, then the models presented here may help to develop management strategies to establish a self sustaining population, as well as exploring translocations options.  相似文献   

大数据挖掘在食品安全风险预警领域的应用     

王雅洁  杨冰  罗艳  何锦林  谭红 《安徽农业科学》2015,(8):332-334

食品安全综合评价与预警是食品安全的重难点.该研究着重介绍了大数据挖掘在食品安全风险预警领域的应用.首先对大数据的基本概念及3种典型的大数据挖掘技术(贝叶斯网络、决策树以及人工神经网络)概念进行分析,并探讨这3种大数据挖掘方式在食品安全行业的应用现状.之后比较3种大数据挖掘方式,提出将其中一种大数据挖掘方式BP神经网络运用于食品安全风险预警的构想.  相似文献   

动物养殖安全风险评估     

郁达威  胡肄农  谭业平  陆昌华 《安徽农业科学》2015,(26)

针对我国动物源性产品质量安全问题,概述动物及其产品风险评估的重要作用.采用Visual Studio.NET 2008,面向对象程序设计思想的编程语言C#和.NET Framework3.5编程环境,研发了动物及其产品风险预警系统.该系统利用计算机对不同的动物的养殖环境、疫病发生及动物产品在实际生产中的数据进行风险评估.通过3个实例的演示,将风险评估应用于畜牧生产实际.结果表明,该系统简单易操作,覆盖面较广,数据采集较简易.利用风险评估模型在养殖等相关环节可控制动物及其产品的风险,减少经济损失,保障公众健康.  相似文献