The influence of planting density on the production of ‘Goldfinger’ (Musa spp., AAAB) in the subtropics     

P.W. Langdon  A.W. Whiley  R.J. Mayer  K.G. Pegg  M.K. Smith 《Scientia Horticulturae》2008

‘Goldfinger’, a tetraploid banana produced from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) breeding program, was released to the Australian industry in 1995. It was promoted as an apple-flavoured dessert banana with resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4, as well as resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola, respectively). This study was initiated to provide agronomic information to the banana industry, which was under threat from Fusarium wilt, on a new cultivar which could replace ‘Williams’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) or ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) in those areas affected by Fusarium wilt. Also few studies had reported on the production characteristics of the new tetraploid hybrids, especially from subtropical areas, and therefore two field sites, one a steep-land farm and the other a level, more productive site, were selected for planting density and spatial arrangement treatments. The optimum density in terms of commercial production, taking into account bunch weight, finger size, length of the production cycle, plant height and ease of management, was 1680 plants/ha on the steep-land site where plants were planted in single rows with 2.5 m × 2.5 m spacings. However on the level site a double-row triangular layout with inter-row distances of 4.5 m to allow vehicular access (1724 plants/ha) gave the best results. With this arrangement plants were in an alternate, triangular arrangement along a row and a spacing of 1.5 m between plants at the points of each triangle and between each block of triangles.  相似文献   

Structure and functions ofPinus sylvestris var.sylvestriformis plantation ecosystem     

Zou Chunjing  Liu Gangyi  Zhang Yuan 《林业研究》1998,9(3):203-207

Changbai pine (Pinus sylvestris var.Sylvestriformis) is an endemic and important tree species in Changbai Mountain. There were only 63 plant species in Changbai pine plantation, where hemicryptophyte was dominant(39.68%). Simpson diversity index was 0.87, Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.96, and evenness index was 0.82. Community structure were divided into three layers: tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The total biomass and net production were 111.982 t/hm² and 8942.80 kg/(hm² a) respectively. The total biomass for tree, shrub and herb layers were 106.150, 2.230, 2.264 t/hm², accounting for 94.79%, 1.99%, and 2.02%, respectively, and net production for those were 7465, 223, and 1182 kg/(hm² a), accounting for 83.47%, 2.49%, and 13.22% of the total respectively. The nutrient content in various organs is in the order of needle> branch> root> bark> trunk, For the assimilated organ, the nutrient content is in the order of N> K> Ca> P> Mg, and that in absorption organ is in the order of Ca> N> K> P> Mg. For the whole plantation ecosystem, nutrient content is in the order of soil> litter> herb layer> shrub layer> tree layer. Nutrient storage and its accumulation rate in tree layer take up 88.79% and 76.43% of the total, respectively. The project is funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai  相似文献   

木荷和杉木人工林天然降水、穿透雨和树干茎流DOC和DON 浓度及动态(英文)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭剑芬  杨玉盛  陈光水  林鹏 《林业研究》2005,16(1)

尽管溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)在森林养分循环中的作用日渐为人们所关注,但对它们的浓度及动态,特别是对亚热带森林DOC 和DON 的研究甚少。本文于2002 年通过野外天然降水及亚热带木荷和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata,15 年生)穿透雨和树干茎流各水样的收集及室内各水样中DOC、NO3 -N、NH4 -N 和总溶解有机氮(TDN)浓度的测- +定,其中DON 浓度通过TDN 与NO3 -N、NH4 -N 的浓度差值来计算,- +结果表明,天然降水DOC 和DON 浓度分别为1.7 和0.13 mg·L-1。木荷人工林穿透雨DOC 和DON 浓度分别为11.2 和0.24 mg·L-1,高于杉木人工林的DOC 和DON 浓度(10.3 和0.19 mg·L-1)。杉木人工林树干茎流DOC 和DON 浓度(分别为19.1 和0.66 mg·L-1)明显高于木荷人工林(分别为17.6 和0.48 mg·L-1)。天然降水DOC 浓度的月变化不明显,而DON 浓度在夏季和秋季较高。两林分穿透雨DON 浓度的月动态与树干茎流的十分相似,均在雨季开始时(3 月)浓度增大。两林分穿透雨DOC 浓度在2-4 月间较高,而树干茎流DOC 浓度在9-11 月间较高。图4表2 参24。  相似文献   

间伐强度对华北落叶松人工林植被物种多样性的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

林平  刘勇  李国雷  于海群  吕瑞恒 《中国农学通报》2006,22(8):158-158

在北京市延庆县营盘村附近低山,对造林密度为5151株/hm2的23a生华北落叶松人工林,设置4个间伐强度处理。5a后,通过比较林下植被组成、外貌及多样性的变化,研究不同间伐强度对华北落叶松人工林群落稳定的影响。结果表明,间伐改变了群落的生活型谱,随间伐强度增大,地面芽植物和地下芽植物所占比重上升,而高位芽植物却呈相反的趋势。间伐强度不同,华北落叶松林下植被的建群种各异。间伐可提高林下植被的丰富度和多样性,这种效应以弱度间伐最为明显。间伐对草本层物种丰富度、多样性影响较灌木层大,而对林下植被分布均匀性影响甚微。因此,及时对郁闭林分进行合适强度的间伐,促进林下植被发育,是实现华北落叶松人工林可持续发展的有效途径。23a初植密度5151株/hm2的华北落叶松选择58.75%左右的间伐强度林下植被发育最优  相似文献   

樟子松人工林经营技术          下载免费PDF全文

宋忠杰 《现代农业研究》2016,(8):63-63

文章收集了现有的关于樟子松研究的进展,对樟子松的造林技术方面进行了研究,对提高樟子松造林成活率的措施进行了总结,并且对樟子松人工林营林技术进行了探讨,对于今后樟子松营林方面有可借鉴的价值。  相似文献   

川南马尾松低效人工林不同改造模式后枯落物持水特性分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

张海涛  宫渊波  付万权  陈耀嘉  徐云岩  崔亚潇 《水土保持学报》2016,(4):136-141

对川南马尾松低效人工林进行皆伐和林窗2种改造方式后进行枯落物持水特性研究。结果表明:林地枯落物蓄积量为对照林窗皆伐;其中2种改造方式后未分解层占总蓄积量的比例低于对照,已分解层蓄积量占总蓄积量的比例高于对照,半分解层蓄积量表现无规律;林地枯落物最大持水量大小为Φ30QKΦ10Φ20Φ40CK。不同分解层次最大持水量均表现为未分解层半分解层已分解层,且前两层最大持水量合计超过总持水量的80%;2种改造措施有效拦蓄量(8.85~11.14t/hm~2)高于对照(7.64t/hm~2)。不同改造措施初期吸水速率林窗模式为未分解层半分解层已分解层,皆伐改造模式半分解层未分解层已分解层;对照马尾松纯林为半分解层已分解层未分解层,趋于饱和持水量的时间多于林窗和皆伐模式;枯落物层持水量与浸水时间存在以下关系:w=aln t+b。R~2均在0.86以上,各时段持水量与浸水时间存在较显著相关关系,证明进行马尾松低效林改造,改变了地表枯落物的组成,对提高林地水源涵养和水土保持功能起到了重要作用。  相似文献   

不同生境对蚂蚁功能群的影响* ——以云南省绿春县为例   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

卢志兴  陈又清 《中国生态农业学报》2016,24(6):801-810

为探究土地利用变化主导的生境变化对蚂蚁功能群的影响,采用陷阱法和Winkler袋法调查了云南省绿春县天然次生林(N)、桉树林(E)、紫胶林(L)、橡胶林(R)、紫胶-玉米混农林(M)、旱地(D)和农田(F)7种生境类型的蚂蚁群落。共采集蚂蚁37 891头,隶属于8亚科52属137种;依据竞争关系、生境要求、行为优势以及对环境压力和干扰的响应等4个生态学特性,将52属划分为7个功能群:优势臭蚁亚科(DD)、从属弓背蚁族(SC)、广义切叶蚁亚科(GM)、机会主义者(O)、隐蔽物种(C)、气候特化种(CS)和专业捕食者(SP)。不同功能群的物种丰富度排序为机会主义者(10属32种)气候特化种(15属29种)广义切叶蚁亚科(3属24种)隐蔽物种(14属21种)从属弓背蚁族(2属16种)专业捕食者(6属14种)优势臭蚁亚科(2属2种)。从属弓背蚁族、气候特化种、隐蔽物种3个功能群的蚂蚁多度在天然次生林、桉树林和紫胶林中所占比例较高,而优势臭蚁亚科功能群则在干扰多的农田中比例较高;除优势臭蚁亚科仅2属2种外,在天然次生林、桉树林、紫胶林和紫胶-玉米混农林中大多数功能群的蚂蚁物种丰富度明显高于农田,而专业捕食者功能群蚂蚁物种丰富度在不同生境中差异不大。桉树林和紫胶林蚂蚁功能群的群落结构与天然次生林较为接近,橡胶林、紫胶-玉米混农林和旱地蚂蚁功能群的群落结构相似。气候特化种、广义切叶蚁亚科、机会主义者和从属弓背蚁族在不同类型样地中的物种组成变化程度大于同一类型生境重复样地间的变化程度。广义切叶蚁亚科、机会主义者和从属弓背蚁族3个功能群的蚂蚁群落在不同生境中变化明显,整体上表现为桉树林、紫胶林和天然次生林的蚂蚁群落与旱地和农田不相似;隐蔽物种和气候特化种仅在桉树林和紫胶林蚂蚁群落较为相似;专业捕食者功能群蚂蚁群落在不同生境中的变化不明显。蚂蚁功能群能够指示生境变化,广义切叶蚁亚科、从属弓背蚁族和机会主义者的指示效果较好,实质上是不同功能群中不同物种的多度及功能群内的群落组成变化对生境变化导致的干扰及资源可利用程度的响应有差异。  相似文献   

广西南宁巨尾桉(DH32-28)植苗林调查因子关系模型研究     

黄平升  唐小诚  廖克波  杨紫龙  李婷 《安徽农业科学》2016,(5)

[目的]调查广西南宁巨尾桉(DH32-28)植苗林各调查因子间的关系。[方法]对在广西南宁树木园新塘和横县林区内生长正常的巨尾桉(DH32-28)植苗林进行调查,分别测定每株树的胸径、树高、年龄等树木调查因子,并对其相关性进行分析,建立胸径与造林时间、树高与造林时间、胸径与树高等因子之间的一系列数学模型,并进行模型的实用性和精度检验。[结果]胸径、树高与造林时间的对数函数关系比较密切,树高与胸径的二次函数模型关系比较密切。胸径与造林时间的关系可以用对数函数模型y=-3.310+4.132lnx来反映,树高与造林时间的关系可以用对数函数模型y=-15.881+8.816lnx来反映,胸径与树高的关系可以用二次函数模型y=0.635+0.822x+0.042x~2来反映。[结论]模型揭示了广西南宁巨尾桉(DH32-28)植苗林各调查因子之间的生长规律性,同时还可以用于桉树人工林林分生长预估中单株树木潜在的生长分析,对桉树人工林的可持续经营利用和森林生态系统恢复具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

An assessment of the benefits and limitations of the shamba agroforestry system in Kenya and of management and policy requirements for its successful and sustainable reintroduction     

Mark Witcomb  Peter Dorward 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(3):261-274

The shamba system involves farmers tending tree saplings on state-owned forest land in return for being permitted to intercrop perennial food crops until canopy closure. At one time the system was used throughout all state-owned forest lands in Kenya, accounting for a large proportion of some 160,000 ha. The system should theoretically be mutually beneficial to both local people and the government. However the system has had a chequered past in Kenya due to widespread malpractice and associated environmental degradation. It was last banned in 2003 but in early 2008 field trials were initiated for its reintroduction. This study aimed to: assess the benefits and limitations of the shamba system in Kenya; assess the main influences on the extent to which the limitations and benefits are realised and; consider the management and policy requirements for the system’s successful and sustainable operation. Information was obtained from 133 questionnaires using mainly open ended questions and six participatory workshops carried out in forest-adjacent communities on the western slopes of Mount Kenya in Nyeri district. In addition interviews were conducted with key informants from communities and organisations. There was strong desire amongst local people for the system’s reintroduction given that it had provided significant food, income and employment. Local perceptions of the failings of the system included firstly mismanagement by government or forest authorities and secondly abuse of the system by shamba farmers and outsiders. Improvements local people considered necessary for the shamba system to work included more accountability and transparency in administration and better rules with respect to plot allocation and stewardship. Ninety-seven percent of respondents said they would like to be more involved in management of the forest and 80% that they were willing to pay for the use of a plot. The study concludes that the structural framework laid down by the 2005 Forests Act, which includes provision for the reimplementation of the shamba system under the new plantation establishment and livelihood improvement scheme (PELIS) [It should be noted that whilst the shamba system was re-branded in 2008 under the acronym PELIS, for the sake of simplicity the authors continue to refer to the ‘shamba system’ and ‘shamba farmers’ throughout this paper.], is weakened because insufficient power is likely to be devolved to local people, casting them merely as ‘forest users’ and the shamba system as a ‘forest user right’. In so doing the system’s potential to both facilitate and embody the participation of local people in forest management is limited and the long-term sustainability of the new system is questionable. Suggested instruments to address this include some degree of sharing of profits from forest timber, performance related guarantees for farmers to gain a new plot and use of joint committees consisting of local people and the forest authorities for long term management of forests.

Peter DorwardEmail:

  相似文献   

Multiscale spatial variation of the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus damage in a pine plantation forest (Landes de Gascogne,Southwestern France)     

J.-P. Rossi  J.-C. Samalens  D. Guyon  I. van Halder  H. Jactel  P. Menassieu  D. Piou 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

Bark beetles are notorious pests of natural and planted forests causing extensive damage. These insects depend on dead or weakened trees but can switch to healthy trees during an outbreak as mass-attacks allow the beetle to overwhelm tree defences. Climatic events like windstorms are known to favour bark beetle outbreaks because they create a large number of breeding sites, i.e., weakened trees and for this reason, windthrown timber is generally preventively harvested and removed. In December 1999, the southwest of France was struck by a devastating windstorm that felled more that 27 million m³of timber. This event offered the opportunity to study large-scale spatial pattern of trees attacked by the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus and its relationship with the spatial location of pine logs that were temporally stored in piles along stand edges during the post-storm process of fallen tree removal. The study was undertaken in a pure maritime pine forest of 1300 ha in 2001 and 2002. We developed a landscape approach based on a GIS and a complete inventory of attacked trees. During this study more than 70% of the investigated stands had at least one tree attacked by I. sexdentatus  . Spatial aggregation prevailed in stands with n≥15$n\ge 15$ attacked trees. Patches of attacked trees were identified using a kernel estimation procedure coupled with randomization tests. Attacked trees formed patches of 500–700 m² on average which displayed a clumped spatial distribution. Log piles stemming from the sanitation removals were mainly distributed along the large access roads and showed an aggregated spatial pattern as well. The spatial relationship between patches of attacked trees and log pile storage areas was analyzed by means of the Ripley’s statistic that revealed a strong association at the scale of the studied forest. Our results indicated that bark beetle attacks were facilitated in the vicinity of areas where pine logs were stored. The spatial extent of this relationship was >1000 m. Similar results were obtained in 2001 and 2002 despite differences in the number and spatial distribution of attacked trees. The presence of a strong “facilitation effect” suggests that log piles should be removed quickly in order to prevent outbreaks of bark beetles.  相似文献