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41.
生物柴油由于其燃烧性高、污染小、可再生等优点,是传统化石燃料的理想替代能源,并已在世界范围内得到广泛应用。基因工程技术在生物柴油中的应用,主要集中在提高生物柴油原料的脂类含量上,如对含油植物和含油微藻的研究。结合国内外主要研究进展,综述了运用基因工程技术提高生物柴油原料脂类含量的8种途径,如超量表达乙酰辅酶A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶、苹果酸酶等。最后指出:将微藻作为生产原料是我国生物柴油产业发展的必然趋势,通过转录因子途径调控脂类的积累,是未来生物柴油产业发展的重要研究方向。  相似文献   
42.
Microalgal bacterial flocs (MaB‐flocs) in sequencing batch reactors are a novel and promising technology to treat aquaculture wastewater. To improve the economics of this technology, the harvested MaB‐flocs should be valorized. Therefore, we investigated if MaB‐flocs from an outdoor pilot reactor treating pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) wastewater can be used as a colour enhancing ingredient for shrimp diets. Considering the nutritional composition and high ash content of MaB‐flocs, five iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐lipidic shrimp diets were formulated by replacing 2–8% of the basal diet ingredients by MaB‐flocs. These diets were continuously fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) cultured in a hybrid recirculating aquaculture system. The addition of these relatively low amounts of MaB‐flocs to shrimp diets significantly increased the pigmentation (redness and yellowness) of cooked shrimp tails. The diet modifications did not affect the shrimp survival, weight gain, size distribution and food conversion rate, nor did they affect the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the raw shrimp muscle. This shows that MaB‐flocs originating from treatment of pikeperch wastewater can substitute 8% of diet ingredients of Pacific white shrimp while enhancing its pigmentation.  相似文献   
43.
Oyster seed production in hatchery and nursery systems has relied on the production of microalgae, which is cost effective, but often unpredictable. The development of a satisfactory substitute diet would greatly reduce production costs of hatchery operations. Single cell detritus (SCD) production from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) may have great potential as a partial substitute for microalgae. In this experiment, a technique for producing SCD was developed and the product was used as a partial substitute for microalgae for the nursery culture of juvenile tropical oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) in a hatchery setting. A reverse osmosis technique was used on ground seaweed (particle size <200 μm) immersed in freshwater and placed on a shaker at 100 rpm for 2 h before being returned to seawater. This technique was shown to be highly effective for SCD production with a density of 33.7 ± 7.0 × 104 cell mL?1 and the percentage of SCD particle diameter <20 μm was 89.2%. A partial replacement of microalgae with SCD was found to be unsuitable for nursing oyster larvae. For juvenile oysters (shell width 1.85 ± 0.03 mm and shell length 1.78 ± 0.06 mm) substituting 75% of microalgae with SCD showed lower absolute shell growth, and lower daily yields and survival rates when compared to rates substituting 50% or lower substitution with SCD, or 100% microalgae (P < 0.05). It was found that substituting 50% of the traditional microalgae with SCD produced from seaweed (P. haitanensis) can be used as a partial microalgae substitute for the nursery culture of the juvenile tropical oyster.  相似文献   
44.
This study used a small amount of several lyophilized microalgae (5% of dry weight in aquafeed) to feed adult black tiger prawns Penaeus monodon for 4 weeks, aiming to promote prawn health and nutritional level. Apart from slight increases in ash content, chlorophyll and β‐carotene in the microalgae‐added feeds, there was no difference from the commercial diet in their biochemical composition. After 28 days of feeding, prawn body length, body weight, condition index and also total amount of fatty acids and amino acids of the flesh (2nd abdominal segment) were not affected by microalgae additives as compared with the control commercial diet‐fed group (P > 0.05). Prawns fed the microalgae diets, however, had a relatively better survival rate than those fed the commercial control diet, although no statistical significance was detected in any except for the diatom Melosira sp. The elevated survival rate was concomitant with a higher phagocytosis rate and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the immune response analysis, and significantly a higher astaxanthin content detected in the tail muscle of microalgae diet‐fed prawns (5.36–10.78 ng of astaxanthin per gram of muscle DW). These findings demonstrated that low‐inclusion microalgal additives in prawn diets over a short feeding period (4 weeks) can result in healthier adult prawn, and hence could contribute to the development of an optimized feeding strategy for prawn aquaculture close to harvesting.  相似文献   
45.
Biopolymers are very favorable materials produced by living organisms, with interesting properties such as biodegradability, renewability, and biocompatibility. Biopolymers have been recently considered to compete with fossil-based polymeric materials, which rase several environmental concerns. Biobased plastics are receiving growing interest for many applications including electronics, medical devices, food packaging, and energy. Biopolymers can be produced from biological sources such as plants, animals, agricultural wastes, and microbes. Studies suggest that microalgae and cyanobacteria are two of the promising sources of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), cellulose, carbohydrates (particularly starch), and proteins, as the major components of microalgae (and of certain cyanobacteria) for producing bioplastics. This review aims to summarize the potential of microalgal PHAs, polysaccharides, and proteins for bioplastic production. The findings of this review give insight into current knowledge and future direction in microalgal-based bioplastic production considering a circular economy approach. The current review is divided into three main topics, namely (i) the analysis of the main types and properties of bioplastic monomers, blends, and composites; (ii) the cultivation process to optimize the microalgae growth and accumulation of important biobased compounds to produce bioplastics; and (iii) a critical analysis of the future perspectives on the field.  相似文献   
46.
有益微生物在南美白对虾养殖中的应用研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
朱林  车轩 《山西农业科学》2013,(11):1291-1293
目前,应用于南美白对虾养殖的有益微生物主要有微生态制剂、芽孢杆菌、光合细菌、硝化细菌和微藻。概述了5种有益微生物的定义、主要作用机理及应用,同时对有益微生物在南美白对虾养殖中的应用前景提出展望。  相似文献   
47.
高密度高含油率微藻培养研究进展   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
微藻以其生长周期短、不占用农业耕地而被作为第三代生物柴油的首选原料,然而微藻培养密度偏低含油率不高是制约微藻生物柴油规模生产的主要因素。结合微藻培养的营养方式和培养系统,讨论了近年来提高微藻培养密度及油脂(主要为甘油三酯)含量的各种研究方法及成果,分析了微藻高产油率的培养模式,并就培养成本问题做了进一步探讨。最后总结了微藻生物柴油的发展方向,即在合适的培养系统下以太阳光为能源,充分利用废气、废液甚至废固培养微藻,提高藻油的生产率,从而降低生物柴油的生产成本,进而实现工业化生产。  相似文献   
48.
In this work, a new methodological approach, relying on the high specificity of enzymes in a complex mixture, was developed to estimate the composition of bioactive polysaccharides produced by microalgae, directly in algal cultures. The objective was to set up a protocol to target oligomers commonly known to be associated with exopolysaccharides’ (EPS) nutraceutical and pharmaceutical activities (i.e., rhamnose, fucose, acidic sugars, etc.) without the constraints classically associated with chromatographic methods, while maintaining a resolution sufficiently high to enable their monitoring in the culture system. Determination of the monosaccharide content required the application of acid hydrolysis (2 M trifluoroacetic acid) followed by NaOH (2 M) neutralization. Quantification was then carried out directly on the fresh hydrolysate using enzyme kits corresponding to the main monosaccharides in a pre-determined composition of the polysaccharides under analysis. Initial results showed that the enzymes were not sensitive to the presence of TFA and NaOH, so the methodology could be carried out on fresh hydrolysate. The limits of quantification of the method were estimated as being in the order of the log of nanograms of monosaccharides per well, thus positioning it among the chromatographic methods in terms of analytical performance. A comparative analysis of the results obtained by the enzymatic method with a reference method (high-performance anion-exchange chromatography) confirmed good recovery rates, thus validating the closeness of the protocol. Finally, analyses of raw culture media were carried out and compared to the results obtained in miliQ water; no differences were observed. The new approach is a quick, functional analysis method allowing routine monitoring of the quality of bioactive polysaccharides in algal cultures grown in photobioreactors.  相似文献   
49.
微藻EPA和DHA的研究现状及前景   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
梁英 《水产学报》2000,24(3):289-296
高度不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)在营养和医学上的重要作用 ,已引起人们广泛的兴趣 ,特别是二十碳五烯酸 (EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA)两者对防治心脏疾病、动脉硬化、癌症、风湿关节炎、气喘和糖尿病等人类疾病有明显效果[1~ 3 ] ,已成为研究开发的热点。在水产上 ,EPA和DHA是许多鱼类幼体、对虾幼体、双壳类幼虫的必需脂肪酸 ,关系到幼虫和幼体的生长发育和存活。EPA和DHA虽然对有些动物不是必需的 ,但在饵料中适当添加这些物质 ,可提高投喂动物的生长速度和存活率[4~ 6] 。目前国内外对微藻中的EPA和DHA已进行了…  相似文献   
50.
利用沼液培养微藻可在收获藻生物质的同时回收碳、氮、磷养分,是沼液资源化利用极具潜力的途径。与光合自养相比,兼养培养可实现藻生物量快速积累,且对光、碳利用灵活,与透光性不佳的沼液相性较好,但目前缺乏相关研究论证其可行性。本文首先选取了小球藻 Chlorella sp.、蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa、栅藻 Scenedesmus sp.,以葡萄糖为碳源利用猪粪沼液对 3株微藻进行了兼养培养。结果显示,兼养策略可在大幅强化藻生物量积累的同时协同提升沼液污染物去除。其中,Chlorella pyrenoidosa展现出最佳的生物量及养分去除优势,培养7 d生物量可达1.51 g·L-1,为光合自养的6.12倍,沼液COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷去除率较自养分别提高了20、36、41个和32个百分点。本研究进一步考察了具备两种典型碳代谢路径的有机碳源(葡萄糖-三羧酸循环,乙酸钠-乙醛酸循环)对Chlorella pyrenoidosa沼液兼养培养的影响,发现葡萄糖相较于乙酸钠更适宜作为沼液兼养培养的有机碳源,且葡萄糖浓度与利用效率呈负相关,1 g·L-1葡萄糖浓度条件下Chlorella pyrenoidosa具有最高的单位有机碳生物量产率。此外,兼养微藻通过代谢葡萄糖可协同提升光合性能,使PSⅡ最大量子产量、实际量子产量、调节性能量耗散量子产量等维持较高水平,既弥补了沼液弱透光下光能不足,也强化了持续光照后的光系统损伤恢复机制。因此,本研究认为以添加1 g·L-1葡萄糖的沼液兼养培养Chlorella pyrenoidosa是克服沼液养藻光衰减等不利因素,强化微藻生物量产量及养分回收效率的有效方式,在畜禽养殖场沼液生物消纳与资源化利用方面有较好的应用前景。  相似文献   
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