Morphological quality of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) ears as response to soil moisture tension and phosphate fertilization in Campeche, Mexico     

B. Rivera-Hernández  J.J. Obrador-Olán  L.A. Aceves-Navarro 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(9):1365-5774

In Mexico, corn production, part of which is sweet corn, is mainly destined for human consumption. In the present work, the morphological quality of sweet corn ears was assessed in response to four levels of soil moisture tension indicating irrigation start (−5, −30, −55, and −80 kPa) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (60, 80 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) in carstic soils in the south-east of Mexico. A factorial experimental design with three replicates was used. The following variables were determined: fresh weight (SCFWh), dry weight (SCDWh), diameter (SCDh), and length (SCLh) of sweet corn ears, all without husk, as well as number of kernels (NKxE), number of unfilled kernels (NUK), number of rows (NRxE), and dry kernel weight per ear (DKW). Yield of fresh (YFSCh) and dry (YDSCh) sweet corn ears, both without husk, and the harvest index (HI) were also determined. HI did not show significant statistical differences among irrigation or fertilization treatments. Regarding the other variables, the effect of the more humid treatments (−5 and −30 kPa) and the effect of the higher phosphorus doses (80 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) were statistically equal (P ≤ 0.01) with the lowest NUK and the highest values of all other variables; therefore, irrigation start at soil moisture tension of −30 kPa and phosphate fertilization application of 80 kg ha⁻¹ are recommended. At this level of soil moisture, the mean values over the three fertilization levels and all the replicates, obtained for SCFWh, SCDh, SCLh and NKxE were 198.5 g, 4.39 cm, 26.72 cm and 467 grains, respectively. According to the regression models, moisture tensions from −11.8 to −24.0 kPa, and phosphate fertilization doses from 87.7 to 102.2 kg ha⁻¹ minimize NUK and maximize the values of the rest of the variables. The highest irrigation water use efficiency was found in the moisture tension treatment of −30 kPa with an increase of 27 kg ha⁻¹ ears for each millimeter of applied irrigation water.  相似文献   

不同纤维来源饲粮和细胞壁降解酶对猪肠道微生物菌群多样性的影响     

张永婧  刘强  张文明  张志静  王伟兰  庄苏 《动物营养学报》2016,(10):3275-3283

本试验旨在利用末端限制性片段长度多态性技术研究不同纤维来源饲粮和细胞壁降解酶对猪肠道微生物菌群多样性及其组成结构的影响。试验选用8头平均体重为(35.0±2.5)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交生长猪,统一安装回肠末端T型瘘管,随机分为4组,每组2个重复。试验分4期,每期每组猪按4×4拉丁方设计饲喂小麦麸、小麦麸加酶、大豆皮和大豆皮加酶4种试验饲粮之一。每期预试期15 d,正试期6 d。试验结果表明:1)大豆皮饲粮组猪回肠食糜微生物的多样性显著高于小麦麸饲粮组(P0.05)。2)小麦麸饲粮组显著提高猪回肠食糜中普氏菌属(Prevotella)和乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的丰度(P0.05),而大豆皮饲粮组则显著提高猪回肠食糜中瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)及粪便中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)的丰度(P0.05)。3)添加细胞壁降解酶显著提高各饲粮组猪回肠食糜中Lachnospira、真细菌属(Eubacterium)及粪便中Lachnospira的丰度(P0.05),但也同时降低了回肠食糜中Lactobacillus、Prevotella及粪便中Lactobacillus、Bacteroides和克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的丰度(P0.05)。综上所述,纤维饲粮可显著提高猪肠道内非淀粉多糖降解菌的丰度,而细胞壁降解酶则可选择性改变肠道微生物菌群的多样性及其组成。  相似文献   

改进CERES-Rice模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻生长   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

马雯雯  石建初  金欣欣  宁松瑞  李森  陶玥玥  张亚男  刘洋  林杉  胡鹏程  左强 《农业工程学报》2017,33(6):115-123

覆膜旱作是节水稻作生产体系的重要措施之一,采用CERES-Rice模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻生长需另外考虑覆膜的增温效应和根系层土壤水分布差异及由此所带来的影响。该文借鉴部分旱地作物的相关研究成果,对原CERES-Rice模型中的积温和土壤温度、蒸发和土壤水分胁迫等模拟计算过程进行了改进,并进一步通过2个水稻生长季的田间试验予以验证。试验于2013、2014年在湖北房县进行,共涉及淹水(对照)、覆膜湿润栽培和覆膜旱作共3个水分处理,采用原模型和改进模型分别对2个生长季、2个覆膜处理的生育期、叶面积指数与地上部干物质质量的变化过程及产量进行模拟。结果表明:原CERES-Rice模型难以准确刻画覆膜旱作水稻的生长发育过程,经改进后,模拟效果大大改善,可有效反映环境变化(水分、温度)对覆膜水稻生育进程的影响和产量形成,维持生育期与产量模拟的相对误差在15%以内;覆膜水稻叶面积指数的动态模拟基本满足要求,其均方根差≤1.54 m~2/m~2、相对均方根差≤27%、建模效率≥0.85;对覆膜水稻地上部干物质质量变化过程的模拟也呈现出较好的效果,均方根差和相对均方根差分别小于1 490 kg/hm~2、16%,建模效率则高于0.95。总体而言,经改进后的CERES-Rice模型基本可满足要求,较好地用于模拟覆膜旱作水稻的生长发育规律。  相似文献   

九龙江流域农田土壤有机氯农药残留污染特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

梁玉兰 《水生态学杂志》2019,40(1):71-78

为了探究有机氯农药(Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs)在农田土壤中的分布及残留污染特征,2014-2016年利用ASE萃取技术,使用GCPMS方法测定了九龙江流域农田(水田、果园、菜地)土壤主要OCPs,同时采用相关分析和主成分分析方法,研究九龙江流域农田土壤OCPs残留的影响因素及其污染特征。结果表明,该流域农田土壤中残留的有机氯农药主要是六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和六氯苯(HCB),其中HCHs是土壤残留有机氯农药的主要成分;氯丹(TC+CC)、九氯(TN+CN)、硫丹(α-End+β-End)残留量较低,是普遍存在的一类持久性有机污染物。有机氯农药均随土层深度的增加而急剧降低,并且随深度的增加其降低幅度逐渐增加,垂直分布表现出明显的"表聚性",相同土层OCPs含量基本表现为水田果园菜地。DDTs含量平均值顺序基本表现为o,p′-DDTp,p′-DDTp,p′-DDD;其中o,p′-DDT是DDT类污染物的主体物质。HCH含量基本表现为β-HCHα-HCHγ-HCHδ-HCH;其中β-HCH和α-HCH占比相对较高,具有较高的潜在危害性;而α-HCH/γ-HCH比值小于1,存在较多的γ-HCH残留。主成分分析显示,α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH和δ-HCH在第一主成分上有较高载荷;DDTs类物质在第二主成分上有较高载荷;TC和CC、α-End和β-End、TN和CN在第三主成分上有较高载荷。Pearson相关分析表明,TOC与HCHs、HCB、OCPs呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与α-End和β-End呈显著正相关(P0.05),与DDTs相关性不显著(P0.05),说明九龙江流域农田土壤HCHs、HCB含量在很大程度上受TOC影响,HCHs与HCB、DDTs,HCB、DDTs与九氯(TN+CN)类农药的分布机制和输入来源可能一致,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用。  相似文献   

Soil physical characteristics of peat soils     

Kai Schwrzel  Manfred Renger  Robert Sauerbrey  Gerd Wessolek 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(4):479-486

Drainage and intensive use of fens lead to alterations in the physical characteristics of peat soils. This was demonstrated using parameters of water balance (available water capacity) and the evaluated unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Deriving the distribution of the pore size from the water retention curve was flawed because of shrinkage due to drainage, especially at high soil water potentials. These errors became greater as the peat was less influenced by soil‐genetic processes. The water retention curves (desorption) evaluated in the field and the laboratory satisfactorily corresponded. However, the wetting‐ and drainage‐curves obtained in the field differed up to 30 vol.‐% water content at same soil water potentials. These differences were largely due to a wetting inhibition.  相似文献   

Hydrological parameterization of piping in loess‐rich soils in the Bergisches Land,Nordrhein‐Westfalen,Germany     

Johannes Botschek  Simone Krause  Thekla Abel  Armin Skowronek 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(4):506-510

Pedohydrological properties were investigated on a piped slope in the Bergisches Land in the Rhenish Slate Mountains (Nordrhein‐Westfalen, Germany). The study confirmed that genesis and development of pipes decisively depend on hydrological conditions in the soils. Vertical water permeability of saturated samples was very high. This promoted fast seepage. Many macropores produced by earthworms also caused high transport capacity for soil water. Even more efficient were the burrows of moles and mice, enabling immediate infiltration and direct vertical and lateral water movement. On the contrary, the horizontal saturated permeability was low indicating no correlation with piping. Porosity of piped soils was not different to that of other soils of the region without pipes.  相似文献   

Contamination of highly weathered urban soils in Uberlândia,Brazil     

Wolfgang Wilcke  Juliane Lilienfein  Samuel do Carmo Lima  Wolfgang Zech 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1999,162(5):539-548

We determined heavy metal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in 18 topsoils of Uberlândia (420,000 inhabitants, Brazil) and in 3 rural topsoils. Concentrations of Al (11—124 g kg^—1) and Fe (13—109 g kg^—1) are large because of desilification. Concentrations of Cd (0.1—0.5 mg kg^—1), Cr (13—72), Cu (6—154), Mn (28—974), Ni (4—29), Pb (3—26), Zn (4—107), the sum of 20 PAHs (=Σ20PAHs:7—390 μg kg^—1), and the sum of 14 PCBs (=Σ14PCBs:0.05—1.25) are comparable to or below background concentrations in temperate soils except for Cu at two sites. More than 67% of the metals are strongly bound in Fe oxides and silicates; metals are more bioavailable in the urban than in the rural soils. The most abundant PAHs in the urban soils, on average, are naphthalene (19.0 ± 13.4% of Σ20PAHs) and the benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthenes (11.4 ± 6.7%); the most abundant PCBs are nos. 138 (23.3 ± 11.0% of Σ14PCBs) and 153 (14.3 ± 6.4%). The rural soils contain larger percentages of low molecular PAHs and up to tetra‒chlorinated PCBs than the urban soils. The different pollutant concentrations and patterns in the studied tropical compared with many temperate soils indicate different sources and fate.  相似文献   

饲喂褪黑激素(MT)对生长猪生产性能及饲料养分消化率的影响     

彭焕伟  张克英  陈代文 《四川农业大学学报》2005,23(3):340-343

选用15头体重为35kg左右的长大二元杂交猪,考查饲喂褪黑激素(MT)对生长猪生产性能和饲料养分消化率的影响。试验设两个水平MT添加组[低MT组1·5mg/(kg·d),高MT组3·0mg/(kg·d)]和1个对照组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头猪。结果为,高MT组猪平均日增重和日采食量比对照组分别下降11·31%(P<0·01)和13·53%(P<0·01),料肉比(F/G)有下降趋势,但差异还未达到显著水平。低MT组日增重和采食量与对照组没有显著差异,但饲料转化率显著提高,料肉比(F/G)较对照组下降了5·85%(P<0·05)。与对照组相比,两个MT水平组对饲料消化能和总有机养分表观消化率均没有显著影响,而降低粗脂肪表观消化率,其中高MT组比对照组降低了6·19(P<0·05),低MT组比对照组降低了5·27%(P=0·056)。高MT组降低粗蛋白的表观消化率,而低MT组则提高蛋白质的表观消化率,高MT组与低MT组差异达到显著水平。本试验表明,饲喂低水平的MT可提高生长猪的饲料利用率。  相似文献   

海南椰子大观园棕榈植物名录   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

陈思婷  马子龙  覃伟权  李和帅  张军 《热带农业科学》2005,25(4):34-39

对海南椰子大观园的棕榈植物进行调查、归类,整理成“海南椰子大观园棕榈植物名录”,该名录共包括棕榈科植物60属123种.  相似文献   

不同有机肥对稻田温室气体排放及产量的影响   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  

吴家梅  纪雄辉  彭华  谢运河  官迪  田发祥  朱坚  霍莲杰 《农业工程学报》2018,34(4):162-169

为研究有机肥施入稻田对温室气体排放的影响,设置猪粪、鸡粪和稻草分别与化肥混施处理,利用静态箱法-气相色谱仪监测稻田甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放通量并进行分析。研究结果表明,化肥处理(CF)CH_4季节排放为202.1、279.9和332.5 kg/hm~2,与猪粪(PM)无显性差异,明显低于鸡粪(CM)和稻草(RS)处理;CF处理N_2O排放总量最高,与有机肥处理无显著性差异;CH_4季节排放通量与土壤Eh值呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤温度呈极显著正相关关系;肥料中不同活性有机碳质量分数为18.4~114.5 g/kg,肥料中被167 mmol/L高锰酸钾氧化的有机碳(ROC167)与稻田CH_4排放总量呈显著正相关关系(相关系数为0.872,P0.05);施有机肥第三年水稻平均产量比CF处理增加14.3%(P0.05);不同有机肥中,以PM处理的增温潜势和温室气体排放强度最小,与不施肥和CF处理无显著性差异,猪粪的ROC167含量低,能较好的协调环境与产量之间关系,是值得推荐的有机肥种类。  相似文献