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31.
《Pedobiologia》2014,57(3):161-169
C mineralization and aggregate stability directly depend upon organic matter and clay content, and both processes are influenced by the activity of microorganisms and soil fauna. However, quantitative data are scarce. To achieve a gradient in C and clay content, a topsoil was mixed with a subsoil. Single soils and the soil mixture were amended with 1.0 mg maize litter C g soil−1 with and without endogeic earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa). The differently treated soils were incubated for 49 days at 15 °C and 40% water holding capacity. Cumulative C mineralization, microbial biomass, ergosterol content and aggregate fractions were investigated and litter derived C in bulk soil and aggregates were determined using isotope analyses. Results from the soil mixture were compared with the calculated mean values of the two single soils. Mixing of soil horizons differing in carbon and clay content stimulated C mineralization of added maize residues as well as of soil organic matter. Mixing also increased contents of macro-aggregate C and decreased contents of micro-aggregate C. Although A. caliginosa had a stimulating effect on C mineralization in all soils, decomposition of added litter by A. caliginosa was higher in the subsoil, whereas A. caliginosa decreased litter decomposition in the soil mixture and the topsoil. Litter derived C in macro-aggregates was higher with A. caliginosa than with litter only. In the C poor subsoil amended with litter, A. caliginosa stimulated the microbial community as indicated by the increase in microbial biomass. Furthermore, the decrease of ergosterol in the earthworm treated soils showed the influence of A. caliginosa on the microbial community, by reducing saprotrophic fungi. Overall, our data suggest both a decrease of saprotrophic fungi by selective grazing, burrowing and casting activity as well as a stimulation of the microbial community by A. caliginosa. 相似文献
32.
Rings of wire placed on the soil surface of two pastures containing populations of Lumbricidae were recovered after 52 months. They had been buried at the rate of 9–10 mm per year. At a forest site where only Megascolecidae were present there was no burial. At the pasture sites, populations of Lumbricidae in tubes of soil sterilized with methyl bromide 52 months earlier were indistinguishable from those in untreated soils. 相似文献
33.
不同水氮耦合管理下耕层土壤的氮动态 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站水氮耦合长期试验地为研究平台,采集了不同水氮耦合管理下耕层0～10 cm、10 ～ 20 cm和0～20 cm土壤,测定了六种形态的氮(无机氮、有机氮、酸解有机氮、酸解铵态氮、溶解性有机氮和微生物生物量氮)和三种与氮周转密切相关的生物性指标(脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性和硝化势).三因素方差分析结果表明,施氮和耕层深度对六种形态氮均有显著作用,而灌水对这六种形态氮无显著作用.单因素方差分析结果显示施氮明显提高了耕层0 ～ 20 cm土壤无机氮、有机氮、脲酶活性及硝化势,而对土壤酸解有机氮和酸解铵态氮无显著影响;六种形态的氮、蛋白酶活性及硝化势均不受灌水量的影响.不同水氮耦合管理下耕层0 ～ 10 cm土壤六种形态氮、脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性及硝化势几乎均明显地高于10～20 cm土壤.通过对不同水氮耦合管理下耕层土壤氮动态的研究,本研究得出最佳的水氮耦合管理模式是灌水至20 cm土层的田间持水量和每季施氮190 kg hm-2. 相似文献
34.
滕州表层土壤硒异常特征及来源分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为确定影响滕州地区表层土壤硒含量变化的因素,对研究区土壤的地球化学指标进行统计分析,结果显示,研究区土壤硒背景值为0.08mg/kg,异常下限值为0.17 mg/kg,表层土壤硒平均含量为0.23 mg/kg,标准差为0.144 mg/kg,变异系数为62.6%。综合相关性分析、主成分分析以及富集因子分析结果,表明表层土壤硒异常主要受人为因素的影响。不同区域表层土壤硒含量由高到低依次为煤矿区交通繁忙区农田区。在土壤垂直方向上,煤矿周边土壤中硒含量自下而上增加的趋势要明显快于不受煤矿直接影响的区域,同时前者的变化速率和转折端的出现均快于后者。因此,滕州地区表层土壤硒异常主要受煤矿开发的影响。 相似文献
35.
川西地区表土磁学性质及其环境意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对川西地区表土样品进行系统的岩石磁学分析,并且结合气候要素探讨表土磁学性质与环境要素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)川西表土在成土过程中生成的细粒超顺磁(SP)和单畴(SD)的亚铁磁性矿物是磁化率增强的主导因素。该地区表土磁性增强机制与黄土高原类似。(2)在空间上,川西高原西部和南部地区的磁性矿物含量要高于东部和北部地区,而成都平原西部地区成土作用最强,磁颗粒细且含有较多高矫顽力磁性矿物。(3)川西表土的磁学参数和气候要素的研究发现年平均降水量(MAP)在600～1000 mm之间磁化率、频率磁化率与MAP呈正相关关系,而磁学参数组合χ_(fd)%/HIRM、ARM/HIRM、χ_(ARM)/SIRM与MAP在这一降雨区间也呈正相关关系,然而这些磁学参数与MAP的相关系数不如黄土高原,可能与研究区复杂的地形、相对湿润的成土条件有关。 相似文献
36.
Reyes Tárrega Leonor CalvoÁngela Taboada Sergio García-TejeroElena Marcos 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Quercus pyrenaica dehesas have been traditionally used as communal extensive grazing systems in the León province (NW Spain). In this region, recent abandonment of rural areas and the subsequent gradual decrease in livestock load have led to the invasion of shrubs in the understory, increasing the risk of fires. Indeed, even if there is no need of creating new pasturelands for livestock breeding, the remaining landowners keep on burning to clear these montane patches. Alternatively, the regional administration encourages shrub cutting as a better way of managing these areas and preserving the pasturelands. Our aim was to determine the effects of the dehesa abandonment and shrub cutting on plant species richness (annual herbs, perennial herbs and woody plants) and species composition, as well as on topsoil properties. For that, we compared three types of dehesas with different management regimes: (1) grazed dehesas (used at the present), (2) abandoned dehesas (more than 20 years without grazing) and (3) dehesas where shrub cutting was applied after abandonment (i.e. cleared dehesas). We selected three replicates or stands per dehesa type. The highest organic matter content (O.M.), total nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) were found in cleared dehesas, while the lowest values corresponded to the grazed ones. Abandoned dehesas were characterized by the highest values for available calcium (Ca2+). No significant differences were detected regarding the vegetation richness values (S alpha, gamma or beta), although higher mean values of S alpha and gamma were found in grazed dehesas, and lower values in the cleared ones. Concerning the vegetation life forms, grazed dehesas held significantly greater species richness and cover of annual herbs, while abandoned dehesas had significantly higher woody species cover. Both grazed and abandoned dehesas harboured plant species (38 and 13 species, respectively), which were exclusively found in one dehesa type. Contrary to that, cleared dehesas scarcely had “exclusive” species. To conclude, our results indicated that shrub cutting alone (not followed by livestock grazing) may cause loss of plant species richness, suggesting that it is not the most appropriate management method to restore vegetation, except for reducing the risk of fire. 相似文献
37.
应用土壤-景观定量模型预测土壤属性空间分布及制图 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
以土壤-景观定量模型为基础的土壤制图方法在世界范围内得到了广泛研究。本文在皖南宣城的丘陵地带内选择研究区,从该区的数字高程模型(DEM)中获取景观信息:地形因子,定量地分析了土壤属性与地形因子之间的相关关系,并建立基于该关系的线性土壤-景观定量模型,最后应用该模型来预测土壤属性在空间上的分布并制图。结果表明:土体厚度和表层有机质含量与地形因子之间有着显著相关性;建立的线性回归模型分别能解释土体厚度、表层有机质含量空间变异的32.2%和35.3%;依据该模型预测的土体厚度和表层有机质含量具有较高的准确度,并能制图表达土壤属性在空间上的自然连续性。 相似文献
38.
半干旱地区环境因素与表层土壤积盐关系的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过田间试验对半干旱地区甘肃省秦安县果园环境因素(蒸发量、降雨量、近地面空气温度和湿度、土温、土壤水分)与表层土壤的积盐关系进行了研究。结果表明:在综合环境因素的影响下,不同土层的全盐含量随着潜在累积蒸发量的增加而增大,表现为正相关。土壤温度升高,不同土层土壤均有积盐的趋势。土壤0~2 cm、2~5 cm、5~10 cm土层随着水分含量的增加有积盐的趋势,而15~20 cm和20~25 cm土层随着水分含量的增加有脱盐的趋势。土壤积盐受多种因素综合作用的影响。在果树生育期4~8月,15~20 cm土层土壤盐分含量和土壤水分、气温具有较好的耦合效应,其模型为Y(土壤盐分)=0.002 7-0.000 2X1(气温)+0.015 4X2(含水量),(p=0.004 7)。因此,根据模型,在生育期4~8月,低气温和高土壤含水量正是该层土壤积盐期。根据气象因子对积盐的影响,科学地提出了15~20 cm土层为盐分的"活动面"的概念。 相似文献
39.
为了探索露天矿区褐土层适宜的改良剂配方,选择蛭石、改性秸秆和腐殖酸3种改良剂,每种改良剂设置3个添加量梯度,采用正交试验设计,以当地表土为对照,进行室内盆栽试验,研究分枝期紫花苜蓿生长性能和抗逆性能对不同改良剂组合改良后褐土的响应。结果表明,空白组分枝期紫花苜蓿的各项指标均显著低于对照组;不同改良剂组合改良后褐土组分枝期紫花苜蓿叶片SPAD值没有得到显著改进,叶面积、株高、根长、生物量等生产性能和叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性等抗逆性指标均得到不同程度的改善;分枝期紫花苜蓿在m（蛭石）∶m（秸秆）∶m（腐殖酸）=10∶30∶1.5时生产性能最佳,m（蛭石）∶m（秸秆）∶m（腐殖酸）=50∶50∶0.5（质量比）时抗逆性能最佳。可见：不同改良剂组合对褐土的改良效果存在差异,m（蛭石）∶m（秸秆）∶m（腐殖酸）=50∶50∶0.5对褐土进行改良后作为表土替代材料最为有利。 相似文献
40.
Effects of different land management techniques on selected topsoil properties of a forest Ferralsol
Soil erosion is a major threat for Ferralsols in Cameroon. The influence of traditional intercropping (TI), disk-harrow ploughing (DH), no-tillage (NT), and Wischmeier bare fallow (BF) on runoff coefficient, soil loss, organic carbon (OC) content and bulk density was evaluated in topsoils of a forest Ferralsol in Yaoundé region, Central Cameroon, using erosion plots. This was to ensure the best conditions for the determination of the soil properties to be assessed. After two years of cropping, the mean runoff coefficient remained very low for TI (<2% of the rain) as compared with NT (14%) and DH (15%). The same held true for soil loss which was in the order of 2, 68 and 109 Mg ha−1 for TI, NT, and DH respectively, and bulk density which was 1.06, 1.18 and 1.21 Mg m−3 respectively. Comparing the latter with the measurements obtained from BF (1.23 Mg m−3) and the adjacent secondary forest (SF) (1.04 Mg m−3) showed that the disk-harrow treatment was the most degraded among the three. The same comparison was made for the OC content. It was found that while in SF, OC was as high as 30 g kg−1, it was only 11, 13, 15 and 18 g kg−1 in BF, DH, TI, and NT respectively. On the average and for the time frame considered, TI adversely affected topsoil properties less than NT, DH and BF in this order. Based on the above, it can be concluded that TI is more conservative than the three other land management techniques investigated. 相似文献