农杆菌介导的宁麦13成熟胚遗传转化体系的构建     

蒋苏  马鸿翔  张旭  余桂红  孙晓波 《麦类作物学报》2012,32(3):415-520

宁麦13是目前生产中应用面积较大的弱筋小麦品种,以此品种建立农杆菌介导的成熟胚遗传转化体系有助于对该品种的个别性状进行针对性改良。本研究利用分别携带不同质粒pCXK1301和pAt-MYB12u的农杆菌株系GV3101对宁麦13成熟胚愈伤组织进行转化,通过对预培养时间、共培养时间和干燥处理等参数的研究,建立了农杆菌介导的宁麦13成熟胚遗传转化体系。宁麦13成熟胚转化体系的条件为:利用预培养6d的宁麦13成熟胚愈伤组织作为转化受体,使用含pAtMYB12u质粒的农杆菌株系GV3101,侵染菌液浓度OD600=0.6,侵染时间60min,采用干燥共培养4～5d(23℃,暗培养),诱导恢复培养10d,分化培养每4week继代一次,分化培养8week(12h光周期,25℃,2 000lx)。试验侵染2 600个宁麦13愈伤组织,获得127株再生植株,经分子检测,其中9株证实为阳性转化植株。  相似文献   

基因型和环境对小麦种子活力的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

佟汉文  刘易科  朱展望  张宇庆  陈泠  高春保 《麦类作物学报》2012,32(6):1167-1170

为了明确环境、基因型及其互作对小麦种子活力的影响,以湖北省小麦区域试验三个试点的16个小麦新品种(系)为材料,对收获后的种子进行发芽率、幼苗干重及简易活力指数的计算并进行了统计分析,结果表明:(1)发芽率、幼苗干重及其简易活力指数在地点间、品种(系)间差异均达到了极显著水平,且品种(系)间的差异均比地点间的差异大,发芽率和简易活力指数的地点×品种(系)互作(GEI)间差异也达到了极显著水平。(2)发芽率和简易活力指数以武汉最高,且与其他地点的差异达极显著水平;而幼苗干重则以荆州最高,与武汉差异不显著。(3)鄂麦27和楚0805的发芽率较高,襄麦27和河科大9612的幼苗干重最高,而鄂麦27的简易活力指数最高。(4)简易活力指数与发芽率呈极显著正相关,与幼苗干重呈不显著的正相关,而发芽率与幼苗干重呈不显著的负相关。  相似文献   

Effects of transition season management on soil N dynamics and system N balances in rice–wheat rotations of Nepal     

M. Becker  F. Asch  S.L. Maskey  K.R. Pande  S.C. Shah  S. Shrestha 《Field Crops Research》2007

In the low-input rice–wheat production systems of Nepal, the N nutrition of both crops is largely based on the supply from soil pools. Declining yield trends call for management interventions aiming at the avoidance of native soil N losses. A field study was conducted at two sites in the lowland and the upper mid-hills of Nepal with contrasting temperature regimes and durations of the dry-to-wet season transition period between the harvest of wheat and the transplanting of lowland rice. Technical options included the return of the straw of the preceding wheat crop, the cultivation of short-cycled crops during the transition season, and combinations of both. Dynamics of soil N_min, nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and crop N uptake were studied throughout the year between 2004 and 2005 and partial N balances of the cropping systems were established. In the traditional system (bare fallow between wheat and rice) a large accumulation of soil nitrate N and its subsequent disappearance upon soil saturation occurred during the transition season. This nitrate loss was associated with nitrate leaching (6.3 and 12.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively) and peaks of nitrous oxide emissions (120 and 480 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively). Incorporation of wheat straw at 3 Mg ha⁻¹ and/or cultivation of a nitrate catch crop during the transition season significantly reduced the build up of soil nitrate and subsequent N losses at the low altitude site. At the high altitude site, cumulative grain yields increased from 2.35 Mg ha⁻¹ with bare fallow during the transition season to 3.44 Mg ha⁻¹ when wheat straw was incorporated. At the low altitude site, the cumulative yield significantly increased from 2.85 Mg ha⁻¹ (bare fallow) to between 3.63 and 6.63 Mg ha⁻¹, depending on the transition season option applied. Irrespective of the site and the land use option applied during the transition season, systems N balances remained largely negative, ranging from −37 to −84 kg N ha⁻¹. We conclude that despite reduced N losses and increased grain yields the proposed options need to be complemented with additional N inputs to sustain long-term productivity.  相似文献   

Grain number and grain weight in wheat lines contrasting for stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Fernanda Dreccer  Anthony F. van Herwaarden  Scott C. Chapman 《Field Crops Research》2009

In wheat, the ability to store and remobilise large amounts of stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to grain constitutes a desirable trait to incorporate into germplasm targeted to regions with frequent terminal drought. The main aim of this paper was to examine the relationships between WSC storage, grain number and grain weight across several environments. A small set of recombinant inbred lines (2–4) contrasting in stem WSC were grown in six field trials where water availability, sowing date and/or N level were manipulated, with line yields ranging from 400 to 850 g m⁻² across experiments. Biomass, N and WSC concentration (WSCc, mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and amount (WSCa, g m⁻²) were monitored. A resource-oriented area-based model [Fischer, R.A., 1984. Growth and yield of wheat. In: Smith, W.H., Bante, S.J. (Eds.), Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 129–154] and intrinsic rates of organ growth were used to investigate the consequences on grain number of potential competition between spike and stem around flowering.  相似文献   

北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种的演变规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张俊灵  闫金龙  张东旭  孙美荣  常海霞 《麦类作物学报》2017,(8):1017-1024

为了给北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种提供参考,利用1986-2015年国家北部冬麦区旱地小麦长治区试点参试品种的试验资料,研究其演变规律,并对产量和主要农艺性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明,28年间北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种产量呈逐年递增趋势,年平均遗传进展分别为68.163kg·hm~(-2)或1.57%。主要农艺性状演变的总趋势是,有效穗数和千粒重增加,穗粒数略有减少,株高降低,抽穗期和成熟期提前,灌浆期延长,其年平均遗传进展分别为0.18%、0.26%、-0.03%、-0.26%、-0.12%、-0.05%、0.17%。从产量及主要农艺性状变化趋势和变异情况及区域布局、气候条件和育种现状分析,选育抗旱节水性好、高产稳产适应性广的品种是北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种面临的挑战和最终目标。为了适应当前耕作制度、生产条件和气候变化的影响,北部冬麦区旱地品种选育应在加强品种抗旱节水性选择的基础上,通过适当降低株高增强抗倒性来进一步增加穗数,通过选育穗子较大、小穗数适中、结实性好的品种来提高穗粒数,通过选择灌浆期长且灌浆速率高的品种来提高品种的千粒重。  相似文献   

小麦淀粉峰值粘度的选择指标     

高德荣  郭文善  封超年  朱新开  彭永欣 《江苏农业学报》2007,23(4):371-373

淀粉是小麦籽粒的主要成分,对面制食品的加工品质有重要影响.糊化特性是淀粉最重要的品质指标[1,2],而峰值粘度是衡量糊化特性的主要参数,与面条品质呈显著或极显著正相关[3～10],与馒头体积、比容、结构和评分亦呈显著或极显著正相关[8,11].  相似文献   

Late nitrogen fertilization affects carbohydrate mobilization in wheat     

Teresa Fuertes‐Mendizbal  Igor Setin  Jos M. Estavillo  M. Begoa Gonzlez‐Moro 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(6):907-919

An experiment was carried out to determine how the late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer affects the use of pre‐anthesis carbon reserves during the grain‐filling period of pot‐grown wheat with no water shortage. Increasing doses (equivalent to 0, 140, and 180 kg N ha^–1) of N fertilizer were applied, either in two amendments (stages GS20 and GS30) or in three amendments (stages GS20, GS30, and GS37, according to Zadoks scale). The management of fertilizer by combining an increased N rate with late N application was able to stimulate canopy development, to raise photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate accumulation during the vegetative stages, and to increase grain yield. Based on the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation in the ear, three phases were differentiated during the grain‐filling period, whose temporary pattern remained stable regardless of the fertilizer management. The net remobilization of carbohydrates started 12 d after anthesis from the leaves and 28 d after anthesis from roots and stems. The increase of the N dose with late N application allowed on one hand a lower use of the pre‐anthesis carbon reserves in favor of greater de novo photosynthesis during the grain‐filling period, and on the other hand greater relative contribution of the leaf and ear C reserves to remobilization towards the grain. Further splitting the dose increased only the relative contribution of ear C reserves. The stem contribution seemed to be independent of N applied whereas the root contribution tended to diminish with late N application.  相似文献   

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras     

L. Song  D.‐W. Zhang  F.‐M. Li  X.‐W. Fan  Q. Ma  N. C. Turner 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2010,196(5):323-335

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.  相似文献   

Screening and Analysis of Proteins Interacting with TaPDK from Physiological Male Sterility Induced by CHA in Wheat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ZHANG Long-yu  ZHANG Gai-sheng  ZHAO Xin-liang  YANG Shu-ling 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2013,(6):941-950

To further research the regulatory network of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (designated as TaPDK) in physiological male-sterility (PHYMS) of wheat induced by chemical hybridizing agent (CHA) SQ-1, an anther cDNA library was constructed, and the proteins interacting with TaPDK were screened via yeast two-hybrid technique. Subsequently, a few candidate proteins in nucleotide expression levels were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Yeast-two hybrid screening was performed by mating yeast strain Y2HGold containing BD-TaPDK bait plasmid with yeast strain Y187 including anther cDNA library plasmid. Diploid yeast cells were plated on synthetic dropout nutrient medium (SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp) (QDO), and further were incubated on QDO medium containing AbA and X-α-Gal. The interactions between TaPDK and the proteins obtained from positive colonies were further confirmed by co-transformation validation. After plasmids DNA were extracted from blue colonies and sequenced, the sequences results were analyzed by bioinformatic methods. Finally, 24 colonies were obtained, including eight genes, namely non-specific lipid-transfer protein precursor (TanLTP), polyubiquitin (TaPUbi), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (TaPCNA), CBS domain containing protein (TaCBS), actin, guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta subunit, chalcone synthase, and three new genes with unknown function. The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of TanLTP, TaPUbi, and TaPCNA were obviously up-regulated in PHYMS anther, and TaCBS expression was only increased at the tricellular stage in PHYMS anther compared with in fertile lines. Whereas, the expression of TaPDK was obviously down-regulated in PHYMS lines. Collectively, these datas indicated that the majority of candidate proteins might be related to pollen abortion in PHYMS lines, which further suggested that TaPDK plays multiple roles in pollen development, besides participating in regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity.  相似文献   

Assessment of the profile of powdery mildew and its damage function at low disease intensities in field experiments with winter wheat     

R. A. Daamen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1989,95(2):85-105

Damage by mildew to winter wheat was studied in 11 field experiments in the Netherlands. Damage is described by the simple function: –0.013 (SE=0.003) kg are^–1 per pustule-day of mildew per leaf, from second node stage to early dough at yield levels of 70 to 90 kg are^–1, in diseasefree plots. No deviations from linearity at disease stresses from zero to two thousand pustuledays per leaf were observed. Years, cultivars or soil types did not affect the damage function significantly. The effects of mildew on some yield components were suggested.Mildew profiles in untreated plots could be described by the equation: CM=CLA^b, in which CM and CLA are the cumulative pustule number and the cumulative leaf area, respectively, calculated both from top to bottom of the canopy, and totals standardized at unity. Estimates of the gradient parameter b aveaged 3.4 (SE=0.9). Observed differences in steepness of the profiles did not affect the damage function significantly.Samenvatting Opbrengstderving van wintertarwe door meeldauw werd bestudeerd in 11 veldproeven in Nederland. De schade bedroeg gemiddeld 0.013 (SE=0.003) kg are^–1 per puistdag meeldauw per blad, vanaf het tweede-knoop stadium tot begin deegrijp bij opbrengstniveaus van 70 tot 90 kg are^–1, in de blanco. Bij een ziektestress van 0 tot 2000 puistdagen meeldauw per blad werd geen afwijking van een rechtlijnig verband gevonden. De schaderelatie werd niet significant beïnvloed door de verschillende jaren, rassen of grondsoorten. Het effect van meeldauw op enkele opbrengstcomponenten werd aangetoond.Meeldauwprofielen in de onbehandelde veldjes konden worden beschreven met de vergelijking: CM=CLA^b, waarin CM het cumulatieve aantal puistjes is en CLA het cumulatieve bladoppervlak, beide berekend van bovenin het bladerdek naar beneden, de totalen gestandaardiseerd op één. De gradiënt parameter b bedroeg gemiddeld 3.4 (SE=0.9). Waargenomen verschillen in steilte van de meeldauwprofielen beïnvloedde de schaderelatie niet aantoonbaar.  相似文献