Carbon Depletion by Plowing and its Restoration by No‐Till Cropping Systems in Oxisols of Subtropical and Tropical Agro‐Ecoregions in Brazil     

Joo Carlos de Moraes S  Lucien Sguy  Florent Tivet  Rattan Lal  Serge Bouzinac  Paulo Rogrio Borszowskei  Clever Briedis  Josiane Burkner dos Santos  Daiani da Cruz Hartman  Clayton Giani Bertoloni  Jadir Rosa  Theodor Friedrich 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2015,26(6):531-543

The continuous use of plowing for grain production has been the principal cause of soil degradation. This project was formulated on the hypothesis that the intensification of cropping systems by increasing biomass‐C input and its biodiversity under no‐till (NT) drives soil restoration of degraded agro‐ecosystem. The present study conducted at subtropical [Ponta Grossa (PG) site] and tropical regions [Lucas do Rio Verde, MT (LRV) site] in Brazil aimed to (i) assess the impact of the continuous plow‐based conventional tillage (CT) on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock vis‐à‐vis native vegetation (NV) as baseline; (ii) compare SOC balance among CT, NT cropping systems, and NV; and (iii) evaluate the redistribution of SOC stock in soil profile in relation to soil resilience. The continuous CT decreased the SOC stock by 0·58 and 0·67 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth at the PG and LRV sites, respectively, and the rate of SOC sequestration was 0·59 for the PG site and ranged from 0·48 to 1·30 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for the LRV site. The fraction of C input by crop residues converted into SOC stock was ~14·2% at the PG site and ~20·5% at the LRV site. The SOC resilience index ranged from 0·29 to 0·79, and it increased with the increase in the C input among the NT systems and the SOC sequestration rates at the LRV site. These data support the hypothesis that NT cropping systems with high C input have a large potential to reverse the process of soil degradation and SOC decline. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Changes in Physical Properties of Soils with Land Use Time in the Brazilian Savanna Environment     

Kleber Trabaquini  Antnio Roberto Formaggio  Lênio Soares Galvo 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2015,26(4):397-408

Soils from central Brazil have been intensively used over the last decades because of the rapid conversion of savannas ( Cerrado ) into corn/soybean fields. The objective of this work is to study modifications in the physical properties of soils in the Rio Verde watershed, as a function of the land use time for agriculture, determined from classification of Landsat satellite images between 1980 and 2010. Soil samples were collected at surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) horizons for the different classes of land use time (<10, 10–20, 20–30, and >30 years). The following physical properties were measured: bulk density (BD), air permeability (K_a), penetration resistance (PR), microporosity (MI), macroporosity (MA), and total porosity (TP). Results showed a strong expansion with time of agriculture that occupied 35·3% (1980), 37·4% (1990), 51·3% (2000), and 60·9% (2010) of the watershed area. When properties were compared with those from the reference areas (preserved soils under native vegetation), significant differences were observed for all the physical attributes of soils for a land use time higher than 20 years. Overall, BD and PR increased with land use time, and the opposite was verified for K_a, MA, and TP. Some physical properties presented values (e.g., 1·54 g cm⁻³ for BD and 0.06 cm³ cm⁻³ for MA) close to the critical ones reported to affect crop development, but they were not still impacting on local soybean yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Organic Carbon Stocks in Mediterranean Soils (1956–2007)     

M. Muoz‐Rojas  A. Jordn  L. M. Zavala  D. De la Rosa  S. K. Abd‐Elmabod  M. Anaya‐Romero 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2015,26(2):168-179

During the last few decades, land use changes have largely affected the global warming process through emissions of CO₂. However, C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems could contribute to the decrease of atmospheric CO₂ rates. Although Mediterranean areas show a high potential for C sequestration, only a few studies have been carried out in these systems. In this study, we propose a methodology to assess the impact of land use and land cover change dynamics on soil organic C stocks at different depths. Soil C sequestration rates are provided for different land cover changes and soil types in Andalusia (southern Spain). Our research is based on the analysis of detailed soil databases containing data from 1357 soil profiles, the Soil Map of Andalusia and the Land Use and Land Cover Map of Andalusia. Land use and land cover changes between 1956 and 2007 implied soil organic C losses in all soil groups, resulting in a total loss of 16·8 Tg (approximately 0·33 Tg y⁻¹). Afforestation increased soil organic C mostly in the topsoil, and forest contributed to sequestration of 8·62 Mg ha⁻¹ of soil organic C (25·4 per cent). Deforestation processes implied important C losses, particularly in Cambisols, Luvisols and Vertisols. The information generated in this study will be a useful basis for designing management strategies for stabilizing the increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations by preservation of C stocks and C sequestration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

用水户协会管理模式比较与改进对策     

何寿奎  汪媛媛  黄明忠 《中国农村水利水电》2015,(1)

发展农民用水户协会,激励农民参与灌溉管理,明确小型水利产权和管护主体。以奥斯特洛姆的多中心治理理论为基础,分析用水户协会管理模式与多中心治理理论原则的耦合性,从自主治理的视角对典型用水户协会管理模式进行比较,分析各种管理模式存在的问题,从多中心治理角度提出完善用水协会多元决策机制和多中心治理结构等改进对策。  相似文献   

Habitat use and home range of black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) on farmlands in the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa     

Bruce D Humphries  Tharmalingam Ramesh  Trevor R Hill 《African Zoology》2016,51(1):37-45

Black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) are an abundant mesopredator on farmlands (croplands and rangelands) across South Africa. Given their adaptability in a changing anthropogenic landscape, knowledge of spatial movements can provide important ecological information on the species. We captured, collared and monitored five black-backed jackals in the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal to determine their home range and habitat use in farmlands. The 95% fixed kernel (95% FK) home range sizes were large, showing a marked seasonal variation in movement. One adult male dispersed 150?km over two seasons (winter and spring) and thereafter settled into a home range that it maintained. Transient home ranges of males and juveniles were larger than resident home ranges. The mean resident home ranges (95% FK) across seasons for adult males, adult female and juvenile males were 11.4 ± 4.3 km², 5.6 ± 0.36?km² and 2.15 ± 0.45?km², respectively. The mean transient home ranges (95% FK) of all the seasons for adult and juvenile males were 1 181.93 ± 575.81 km² and 104.27 ± 35.64?km², respectively. Adult jackal preferred croplands in spring, summer and autumn but avoided croplands in winter. Variable habitat use and large home ranges in our study confirmed the species’ ability to adapt to agricultural areas.  相似文献   

水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿根系吸水与光合特性的影响   总被引：20，自引：5，他引：15  

李文娆  张岁岐  山仑 《草地学报》2007,15(3):206-211

变水条件下(利用PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫48 h,ψs=0.2MPa,之后复水48 h),测定紫花苜蓿(Medicago sattva L,品种阿尔冈金和陇东苜蓿)幼苗根系水力学导度与光合参数变化规律,旨在研究变水条件下紫花苜蓿光合作用的响应机制、植株水分吸收能力的变化规律及地上与地下部可能的相关关系.结果表明:干旱胁迫使得紫花苜蓿根系水力学导度(Lpr)受到显著影响.随着水分胁迫时间的延长,根系吸水能力呈现快速--缓慢下降趋势,即根系水力学导度逐渐下降,气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)和叶片水势亦随之而显著降低,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)先随之降低但最终上升而累积.复水后,根系水导呈现缓慢--慢速的恢复趋势,Pn、Gs、Tr、叶片水势随着根系水导速率的增加而逐渐恢复;Ci则随复水时间的延长而逐渐下降.但各参数除Ci外,均没有恢复到胁迫前水平.紫花苜蓿根系水导与光合参数在复水后的恢复程度说明,紫花苜蓿对干旱逆境的抵御与适应能力相对较弱,但陇东苜蓿对水分胁迫的忍耐能力强于阿尔冈金.  相似文献   

水分胁迫和复水对紫花苜蓿幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

李文娆  张岁岐  山仑 《草地学报》2007,15(2):129-136

利用PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫(ψs=-0.2MPa,胁迫时间:48 h,复水48 h),研究了紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L)品种陇东苜蓿和阿尔冈金叶片叶绿素荧光特性和光合色素含量的变化,旨在探讨紫花苜蓿水分胁迫条件下的光合反应机制.结果表明:光化学淬灭系数(qP)和PSII线性电子传递的有效量子产额(YIELD)以及非光化学淬灭系数(qN)和表观光合电子传递效率(ETR)在胁迫前后随光合有效辐射(PAR)的变化规律分别可用公式:Y=aLn(X) b(Y:qP或YIELD,X:PAR,X≠0)和Y=aX2 bX c(Y:qN或ETR,X:PAR)来表示;在受到干旱胁迫后,PSII最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和光合色素含量均明显低于对照,在任意光强下的qP、YIELD和ETR值也极显著低于对照的相应值,qN值则极显著高于对照的相应值;同时,和对照相比,qN和ETR光响应曲线顶点所对应的光强值在受到胁迫后亦明显下降,表明光抑制初始点的降低和最大光保护能力的减弱,甚至光抑制的提前到来.干旱胁迫使得PSⅡ反应中心结构和功能遭到破坏而部分关闭,光合电子传递受阻,光能利用与光化学转化与能力下降,吸收的光能更多的以热能形式耗散.复水后,虽然有光保护机制的存在,但除陇东苜蓿光合色素含量及阿尔冈金类胡萝卜素外,各参数均未能恢复到对照水平,因此旱后复水不能完全解除干旱对PSII反应中心所带来的伤害.紫花苜蓿幼苗对干旱胁迫较为敏感.供试品种相比,陇东苜蓿耐旱性优于阿尔冈金.  相似文献   

北方农牧交错带土地利用结构的线性规划——以定西县为例     

闫丽娟  张恩和 《草业科学》2007,24(8):40-42

探讨了用线性规划方法优化土地利用结构,并以北方农牧交错带定西县土地利用结构的经济效益作为目标函数,以人口和自然条件作为约束条件,进行优化分析,规划结果为定西县土地利用结构由2005年的农、林、草面积比例54:10:36调整为30:13:57.  相似文献   

农牧交错带灌溉和旱作模式下马铃薯耗水差异     

唐建昭  王仁德  周海涛  张新军  郭风华  刘剑锋  肖登攀  柏会子 《干旱地区农业研究》2023,(4):118-125

为揭示北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯“水改旱”种植对其产量和水分利用的影响,选取中国北方农牧交错带地区27个站点,基于站点的气象数据、土壤数据和管理数据驱动充分验证的APSIM-Potato模型,模拟分析农牧交错带地区灌溉和雨养马铃薯的耗水差异。结果表明：北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯种植连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的产量分别为15 900～35 600、16 400～34 800 kg·hm^-2和16 600～34 800 kg·hm^-2,改为旱作后对应的产量分别为12 800～30 600、13 900～29 100 kg·hm^-2和12 700～25 500 kg·hm^-2;灌溉马铃薯产量均表现为西部较高,旱作马铃薯产量则为东部较高。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的播前1 m土层土壤含水量分别为163～388、161～394 mm和154～398 mm,改为旱作后分别下降31.8%、35.3%和36.9%。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a后的地下水消耗量分别为5 360～21 330、8 910～4...  相似文献   

氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦产量及氮素利用的影响     

史多鹏  叶子壮  李杰  许迎浩  吕慎强  王林权  周春菊 《干旱地区农业研究》2023,(4):51-60

于2019—2021年采用再裂区设计,设置氮肥、生物炭和脲酶抑制剂3个因素,主处理设5个氮水平：0、75、150、225 kg·hm^-2和300 kg·hm^-2,副处理设2个生物炭水平：0 t·hm^-2和7.5 t·hm^-2,副副处理设2个脲酶抑制剂水平：0%和2%,共20个处理,研究氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系作物产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量、氮肥表观利用率、氮素收获指数以及夏玉米地上部生物量,较不施生物炭处理分别增加4.4%和2.9%、2.3%和3.0%、25.8%和13.5%、4.9%和6.1%、4.5%;氮肥单独配施生物炭可显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,且氮肥和生物炭具有显著的交互效应。施用脲酶抑制剂显著增加夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,较不施脲酶抑制剂处理分别提高1.5%和3.0%;氮肥单独配施脲酶抑制剂可提高夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,但氮肥与脲酶抑制剂无显著...  相似文献