基于地表水目标水质的畜禽粪便水环境承载力估算     

楚天舒  赖世宣  杨行  赵智强  郭青霞 《中国农业大学学报》2024,29(1):146-156

针对南方水网地区畜禽养殖业发展受限问题,以浙江省江山港流域为研究对象,实地调研核定流域水污染物来源途径与入河污染负荷量;基于QUAL2K模型,建立地表水水质响应模型,评估江山港流域在达到目标水质时的畜禽粪便水环境承载力;运用情景分析法探究畜禽养殖与地表水水质响应关系。结果表明：1)2020年江山港流域入河负荷量为190.564 t（以氨氮计）,土壤流失、污水处理厂、化肥施用、有机肥施用和水产养殖分别占总负荷的70.0%、14.8%、11.0%、2.8%和1.4%。2）当水质目标设定为达到Ⅰ类和优于Ⅱ类时,江山港流域能承载畜禽最大养殖量分别为133.5万和1 622.1万头猪当量,当前养殖规模未超载。3）江山港流域地表水水质对畜禽养殖量的响应关系弱,畜禽养殖不是流域水环境保护的制约因素。建议江山港流域加强生态沟渠的建设与管理,协同实现畜禽养殖业发展与水环境保护。  相似文献   

大肠杆菌k88ac菌毛蛋白亚基因的克隆、表达及亲和层析纯化     

李国军  侯喜林 《黑龙江八一农垦大学学报》2007,19(4):58-62

利用PCR技术,从E.coli C83902中扩增出不含信号肽序列的K88ac菌毛蛋白亚基基因片段,将其克隆到表达载体pQE-30中,构建了原核表达载体pQE30-K88ac,并转入E.coli XL1-Blue中。经IPTG诱导后,由T5启动子调控表达了氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的以包涵体形式存在的K88ac蛋白,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行纯化,并获得了高纯度的融合蛋白。  相似文献   

紫云英与双季稻秸秆协同利用影响稻田土壤钾循环与平衡   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张帆  杨茜 《草业学报》2021,30(1):72-80

稻草还田和冬种绿肥是维持稻田地力和化肥替代的重要方式之一.本研究以在湖南酸性红黄泥和碱性紫潮泥两种典型稻田土壤上进行了2年的紫云英-双季稻定位试验为对象,分析紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用对稻田土壤K循环的影响.两土壤试验处理一致,包括稻田冬闲(FRR)、冬种紫云英(MvRR)及冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用(MvRR+St...  相似文献   

利用分子标记辅助选择技术改良三系不育系荃9311A稻瘟病抗性的研究     

张云虎  严志  杨力  李方宝  庞战士  邓一文  王慧  冯旗  张从合  陈琳  王合勤  黄艳玲  刘兴江  申广勒 《杂交水稻》2022,(1):19-24

为了提高三系不育系荃9311A的稻瘟病抗性,以含广谱稻瘟病抗性基因Pigm的水稻品种9311为供体,保持系荃9311B为受体和轮回亲本,通过分子标记辅助选择技术筛选抗性基因、剔除恢复基因和遗传背景筛选,在稻瘟病病区进行抗性鉴定,人工接种鉴定以及田间农艺性状考查,于BC2F2代获得有Pigm基因并剔除了恢复基因的改良株系,其后再与荃9311A杂交和连续回交,育成了农艺性状与荃9311A无显著差异而稻瘟病抗性明显增强的三系不育系K9311A及其保持系K9311B。  相似文献   

小麦秸秆还田和施钾对棉花产量与养分吸收的效应   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

张凡  睢宁  余超然  刘瑞显  杨长琴  宋光雷  孟亚利  周治国 《作物学报》2014,40(12):2169-2175

在长江流域麦棉两熟制条件下,以Bt转基因抗虫棉为材料,设置不同秸秆还田量(4500 kg hm^–2和9000 kg hm^–2,即半量还田和全量还田)与施钾量(K₂O,150 kg hm^-2和300 kg hm^-2)田间定位试验,研究小麦秸秆还田对棉花产量和主要养分吸收累积的影响及其与化肥钾的差异。结果表明,在施用氮磷肥的基础上,与对照相比,秸秆全量还田处理显著提高了铃数、铃重和皮棉产量,还田第2年和第3年产量增长率分别达143.5%和93.7%;显著提高了各生育时期尤其是吐絮期生物量和氮磷钾养分吸收量,延缓了棉花衰老。秸秆还田对钾吸收的促进效应大于氮磷,还田第3年棉株钾累积总量较对照增加335.1%,每生产100 kg皮棉钾吸收比例增大112.1%。秸秆全量还田处理(K₂O,约折合150 kg hm^–2)促进养分吸收、防止早衰及增产效应均显著大于秸秆半量还田处理,但显著低于施钾量300 kg K₂O hm^–2处理,与施钾量150 kg K₂O hm^–2处理的增产效果相当,但养分吸收量较150 kg K₂O hm^–2处理下降。  相似文献   

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Christian R. Jensen  Adriano Battilani  Georgios Psarras  Franciszek Janowiak  Zorica Jovanovic  Xuebin Qi  Sven-Erik Jacobsen 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,98(3):403-384

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.  相似文献   

电解与紫外协同去除工厂化养殖循环水中氨氮效果研究     

吴照学  李海军  杨智良  裴洛伟  朱松明  叶章颖 《农业机械学报》2016,47(4):272-279

为探究电化学氧化法在工厂化循环水养殖系统中处理水质的效果及影响因素,在前期试验得到最佳条件(温度25℃、电流密度40 A/m2、水流速度300 m L/min)下,以不同初始氨氮质量浓度和固体悬浮颗粒物的模拟养殖水以及实际养殖水为研究对象,探讨了加入低压紫外汞灯后电解与紫外协同去除氨氮的效果。结果表明:电解紫外协同处理氨氮效果明显优于单独电解法,运用本系统处理氨氮初始质量浓度分别为4、7、10 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮去除效率相对于单独电解时分别提高45.0%(p0.05)、36.0%(p0.05)和20.0%(p0.05);电解紫外协同去除氨氮效率受氨氮初始质量浓度、水体中的固体颗粒悬浮物、实际养殖水等因素影响,随着氨氮初始质量浓度及水体中固体悬浮颗粒物的升高,氨氮的去除效率降低,达到同种去除效率所需的时间延长,当处理固体悬浮颗粒(SS)分别为100、150、200 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮的去除效率随着SS的升高而降低,相对于仅含氨氮的模拟养殖水,氨氮的去除效率分别降低51.7%(p0.05)、65.5%(p0.05)和72.4%(p0.05);在处理实际养殖水时,氨氮的去除速率明显降低,去除完全所需的时间延长,在本系统中电解紫外对氨氮、亚硝氮、固体悬浮颗粒物的去除具有较好效果,去除率分别为97.8%、96.9%和92.1%。  相似文献   

土壤不同粒级中C、N、P、K的分配及N的有效性研究   总被引：38，自引：2，他引：38  

王岩  杨振明  沈其荣 《土壤学报》2000,37(1):85-94

本试验首先把７种采自不同省份的耕作土壤进行物理分级,然后测定了土壤Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ在不同粒级中的分布,同时还进行不同粒有中Ｎ的有效笥研究。结果表明：在不同粒级中Ｃ、Ｎ含量和分布均随土壤颗粒的加粗而逐渐下降,血Ｃ／Ｎ比则与此相反。在〈２μｍ粒级中Ｎ的有效性最高,随着土壤颗粒粒和戏的加粗有效性逐渐降低,在酸性土壤中Ｐ主要分布在较细的粒级中,而在石灰性土壤中则粗有效性逐渐降低。在酸性土壤中Ｐ主要分布在较细  相似文献   

Microbial populations,enzyme activities and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium enrichment in earthworm casts and in the surrounding soil of a pineapple plantation     

S. C. Tiwari  B. K. Tiwari  R. R. Mishra 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1989,8(2):178-182

Summary Total populations of bacteria and fungi, dehydrogenase activity (as a measure of total potential microbial activity), and urease and phosphatase activities were determined in earthworm casts and surrounding laterite soils planted to pineapple. The casts contained higher microbial populations and enzyme activities than the soil. Except for fungal populations, statistically significant (P = 0.05) increases were found in all other parameters. Microbial populations and enzyme activities showed similar temporal trends with higher values in spring and summer and lower values in winter. The earthworm casts contained higher amounts of N, P, K and organic C than the soil (P = 0.05). Selective feeding by earthworms on organically rich substrates, which break down during passage through the gut, is likely to be responsible for the higher microbial populations and greater enzyme activity in the casts.  相似文献   

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤中钾的调节及玉米吸钾量的影响     

郭和蓉陈琼贤  郑少玲陈君　严小龙 《中国土壤与肥料》2004,(2):20-22

营养型土壤改良剂(以下简称改良剂)施入三种不同肥力水平的土壤进行恒温培养试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤有效钾的含量、盆栽试验玉米的生物量和钾吸收量。结果表明:对于有效钾含量高的土壤,改良剂能促进钾的缓效化,有利于土壤钾的保蓄,防止土壤钾的淋失;对于有效钾含量较低的土壤,改良剂可以活化土壤中的钾,提高土壤钾的有效性;不同肥力水平的土壤,改良剂都能促进玉米对钾的吸收,有利于提高钾肥的吸收利用效率。  相似文献