牛初乳液态奶和牛初乳粉的加工工艺探讨   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郭爱萍  雒亚洲  乌雪岩 《农产品加工．学刊》2009,(4)

在查阅大量资料的基础上,结合乳品厂工作的实践经验,探讨牛初乳液态奶和牛初乳粉的加工工艺,结果表明,牛初乳的加工工艺与常乳大体相同,只是由于牛初乳的热稳定性差,其杀菌、干燥、浓缩等工艺条件与常乳不同。通常条件下,牛初乳的杀菌温度为60℃,时间为30min,也可以用辐照等高科技技术手段杀菌,辐照杀菌采用~(60)Co,剂量≤8.4kGy;真空浓缩压力>81kPa,温度≤60℃,浓缩后的奶液干物质含量达到40%～60%;干燥可以采用冷冻真空干燥或低温真空喷雾干燥法,前者用小于规模干燥,真空度为0.3～0.8MPa,料液受热温度<65℃,热蒸汽温度控制在70～75℃。  相似文献   

Rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections of calves on a closed Finnish dairy farm     

L Sihvonen  P Miettinen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1985,26(2):205-217

Rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections of calves were surveyed during 2 successive years on a closed Finnish dairy farm consisting of 90–105 milking cows. From a clinical standpoint, diarrhoea was of moderate to high severity during the first year, compared to the milder disease in the second year of the study. Diarrhoea or abnormal faeces were found only in calves less than 8 weeks old, with the peak occurring during the first 2 weeks of life.In the first year, rotavirus was detected throughout the calving season in diarrhoeic or abnormal faeces of calves aged 1 day to 7 weeks. In the second calving season, rotavirus was detected only during the 4 autumn months and in calves aged 11 days to 8 weeks. Rotavirus was detected in only 1 sample of normal faeces in both years. Electron microscopy revealed no enteropathogenic viruses other than rotaviruses. Enterotoxigenic K99 E. coli was found in about half of diarrhoeic or abnormal faeces in both years and throughout the calving seasons. K99 E. coli was also found in 5–10 % of normal faeces.In the second year of the study, 45 of 101 pregnant dams were vaccinated with 2 doses of E. coli antigen. The vaccination trial did not prevent or reduce altered faeces in calves whose dams had been vaccinated compared with calves whose dams had not been vaccinated in the same year. Comparing the 2 years, the earlier uptake of colostrum together with better cleaning and disinfection of the calf house, contributed to the later and rarer occurrence of rotavirus infection in the second year of the study. The earlier uptake of colostrum together with better cleaning and disinfection of the salf house, in the second year, could not prevent enterotoxigenic E. coli infections in calves but partly prevented and modified the disease.  相似文献   

哺乳动物乳腺发育调控机制的研究进展     

王雯竞  吴霄  臧旭鹏  吴珍芳  李紫聪 《畜牧与兽医》2022,(1):137-143

乳腺是哺乳动物特有器官之一,其发育可分为胚胎期、青春期、妊娠期、哺乳期和退化期共5个阶段,发育过程主要受激素、生长因子及细胞因子等调控。乳腺发育主要在出生后,青春期经生长激素(growth hormone, GH)、雌激素(estrogen, E)和胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF1)等调控启动分支形态发生;妊娠期及哺乳期由孕激素(progesterone, P)和催乳素(prolactin, PRL)共同作用产生腺泡并分泌乳汁;退化期则由断奶启动退化过程,腺体重塑至妊娠前状态。乳腺功能主要是通过产生和分泌乳汁以维持初生幼畜正常发育,研究乳腺发育调控机制对畜牧生产具有重要意义。本文以小鼠为例介绍其乳腺发育过程及发育调控机制,并阐述研究乳腺发育及人工调控乳腺发育对畜牧生产的深刻意义,为后期进一步研究乳腺发育和初乳形成提供一定理论参考。  相似文献   

Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils supplementation on digestion,colostrum production of dairy ewes and lamb mortality and growth          下载免费PDF全文

Samir Smeti  Margalida Joy  Hadhami Hajji  José Luis Alabart  Fernando Muñoz  Mokhtar Mahouachi  Naziha Atti 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(7):679-688

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rosemary essential oils (REO) and the forage nature on ewes' performances, immune response and lambs' growth and mortality. Forty‐eight dairy ewes (Sicilo‐Sarde) were fed oat‐hay or oat‐silage supplemented with 400 g of concentrate during pregnancy and 600 g during postpartum. The experimental concentrate contained the same mixture as the control (barley, soybean meal and mineral vitamin supplement) more 0.6 g/kg of REO. Two groups were obtained with each forage (Hay groups: H‐C and H‐REO; Silage groups: S‐C and S‐REO). REO increased the dry matter (DM) intake, the nitrogen intake and retention being higher with the silage groups (P < 0.05). REO increased solid non‐fat (P = 0.004) and fat contents of colostrum which was higher with hay (P = 0.002). REO decreased lamb mortality (P < 0.05) which averaged 21% for control groups and 6% for H‐REO, while no mortality was recorded with S‐REO. REO dietary supply improved forage intake and tended to ameliorate colostrum production; it could be a natural additive to improve ewes' performances.  相似文献   

独龙牛和云岭牛初乳的理化特性比较     

和占星  黄梅芬  成玉梅  张泉鹏  张继才  杨凯  王安奎  周亚平  黄必志 《中国畜牧兽医》2022,49(6):2156-2164

【目的】 通过对独龙牛（Bos frontalis）和云岭牛初乳成分测定,揭示两牛种初乳成分的差异性。【方法】 采集独龙牛和云岭牛（年龄、胎次和饲养管理基本一致）分娩第1天初乳样品共45份,测定其乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖、总固形物（TS）、非脂固形物（SNF）和乳尿素氮（MUN）含量及体细胞数（SCC）和冰点（FP）,采用独立样本t检验比较独龙牛和云岭牛初乳成分差异。【结果】 独龙牛初乳中乳蛋白、乳脂肪、TS、SNF含量分别为16.77%、4.70%、27.82%和22.39%,比云岭牛的分别高28.11%（P<0.01）、5.38%（P>0.05）、22.45%（P<0.01）和26.93%（P<0.01）;乳糖、MUN含量和SCC分别为2.98%、354.2 mg/L和35.73×10⁴/mL,比云岭牛的分别低10.38%（P<0.05）、39.63%（P<0.01）和78.60%（P<0.01）;FP为－0.5337 ℃,比云岭牛的高0.1383 ℃（P<0.01）;乳脂蛋白比（FPR）为0.266,比云岭牛的低0.131（P>0.05）。【结论】 独龙牛和云岭牛分娩第1天的初乳成分存在较大差异,独龙牛初乳营养价值较高。  相似文献   

基于蛋白质组学技术分析初乳和常乳摄入对初生犊牛肝脏蛋白表达的影响     

吴涛  齐云霞  刘伟  朱洪龙  黄冬维  丁海生  赵辉玲  程广龙  赵小伟 《中国畜牧兽医》2023,50(1):37-45

【目的】试验旨在对犊牛肝脏蛋白进行蛋白质组学分析,筛选与初乳、常乳摄入相关的蛋白。【方法】以经产荷斯坦母牛分娩的9头公犊牛为研究对象,随机分为初乳组(CI)、常乳组(M)和对照组(CT),每组3头。初乳组和常乳组犊牛分别饲喂初乳和常乳,于出生后24 h屠宰;对照组未饲喂初乳或常乳,于出生后2 h屠宰。采用Label-free蛋白组学技术对3组犊牛肝脏的蛋白表达谱进行分析,以Q<0.05为阈值筛选各组间的差异表达蛋白,并进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】在犊牛肝脏中共鉴定到3 901个蛋白,其中在初乳组、常乳组和对照组中分别鉴定到3 521、3 646和3 548个蛋白,有3 202个蛋白在3组中共表达。对差异表达蛋白进行分析显示,初乳组和常乳组犊牛肝脏中共筛选出287个差异表达蛋白,主要参与细胞代谢、应激反应、生长发育和氧化还原等生物过程,显著富集通路为内吞作用、氨基酸代谢和氧化磷酸化;初乳组和对照组犊牛肝脏中共筛选出154个差异表达蛋白,主要参与细胞代谢、单组织过程和肌酸合成等生物过程,显著富集通路为氨基酸代谢、黏着斑和内吞作用等。【结论】饲喂初乳的犊牛肝脏中差异表达...  相似文献   

Isolation and Purification of Bovine Colostrum slgA and IgG     

YAO Yonghao GAO Xuejun LIU Xiaofei 《东北农业大学学报(英文版)》2008,15(1):58-61

To further utilize bioactive substance such as bovine colostrum sIgA and IgG, sIgA and IgG were isolated and purified simultaneously by salting out, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography, etc. The analysis of results were showed quantitatively by nonhydrogenized SDS-PAGE, and quanlities of sIgA and IgG were respectively detected by Western Blot. The results showed that the purity and yield of bovine colostrum sIgA were 85.3% and 42.8%, respectively, while the purity and yield of bovine colostrum IgG were respectively 97.2% and 64.4%. This preparative method provides theoretical and experimental foundation for sIgA industrial production.  相似文献   

Factors associated with colostrum quality in individual cows from dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand     

KS Denholm  S McDougall  G Chambers  W Clough 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2018,66(3):115-120

AIMS: To examine associations between various cow-level factors and quality of first-milking colostrum (measured as Brix), and to evaluate herd-level associations between vaccination against calf diarrhoea and colostrum quality, in cows from dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand.

METHODS: A single colostrum sample was collected, by complete udder evacuation, from each of 20 cows from 29 dairy herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand during the 2016 spring calving period. Vaccination pre-partum with a calf diarrhoea vaccine was used in 15 herds. Each colostrum sample was tested using a digital Brix refractometer. The body condition score of each cow was recorded at the time of sample collection and farmers provided records of clinical mastitis and facial eczema from the previous 12 months, as well as the age and breed of cows. Associations between cow-level variables in non-vaccinated herds and Brix were examined using a multivariable linear mixed model and estimated marginal means obtained for different categories.

RESULTS: Mean Brix of 281 samples from cows in non-vaccinated herds was 18.7 (SD 0.26)%; 63/281 (22.4%) samples had Brix ≥22% and 152/281 (54.1%) had Brix ≥18%. Mean Brix of colostrum samples from cows aged ≥6 years (20.2 (95% CI=19.1–21.2)%) was higher than for samples from 2-year-old cows (18.6 (95% CI=17.3–19.9)%) (p=0.005). Colostrum that was collected at the first milking on the day of calving had higher Brix (20.0 (95% CI=19.1–20.9)%) than colostrum collected from cows that calved the previous day (17.5 (95% CI=16.5–18.4)%) (p<0.001). Mean Brix of colostrum samples from cows which produced ≥8?L (18.2 (95% CI=17.1–19.2)%) tended to be lower than from cows which produced <8?L first-milking colostrum (19.1 (95% CI=18.3–20.0)%) (p=0.08). Among vaccinating herds, 9/15 (60%) had ≥60% colostrum samples with Brix ≥18% compared with 4/14 (29%) of non-vaccinating herds (p=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Colostrum quality, as measured by Brix, was associated with the total volume of first-milking colostrum, interval from calving to colostrum collection and cow age. Vaccination against calf diarrhoea was associated with a higher proportion of colostrum samples with adequate Brix. Careful selection of colostrum donor cows should ensure newborn calves are fed adequate quality colostrum which should be beneficial in preventing failure of passive transfer of IgG. Testing of colostrum from individual cows with a Brix refractometer is advocated for the selection of colostrum for feeding newborn calves.  相似文献   

Effect of iodine,selenium and cobalt rumen boluses given to dry dairy cows on the immunoglobulin and thyroid hormone status of calves     

Michael ROSE  Sam PEARSON  Tom CRATCHLEY 《Animal Science Journal》2012,83(7):543-548

The objective was to determine the effect of rumen boluses containing 6800 mg iodine, 1000 mg selenium and 1000 mg cobalt given to dry dairy cows on the efficiency of colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption in calves. Thirteen cows received the bolus approximately 58 days before calving. A further 12 cows received no bolus and were used as controls. The cows were housed as one group. Calves were prevented from suckling for the first 24 h of life, and were given three feeds of a fixed quantity of colostrum. At 24 h, the average plasma concentrations of IgG in the calves were 15.5 and 13.4 g/L for the control and bolus groups, respectively; these were not significantly different (P = 0.212). Bolus treatment was associated with higher levels of free and total tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the dams (all P < 0.001), although it had no effect on thyroid hormone levels in the calves. There were nevertheless positive and negative relationships between the efficiency with which colostral IgG was absorbed at 24 h and, respectively, total T3 at 24 h (P < 0.05) and total T4 at 1 h of age (P < 0.05). The underlying basis for these relationships remains to be established.  相似文献   

The development of equine immunity: Current knowledge on immunology in the young horse          下载免费PDF全文

G. A. Perkins  B. Wagner 《Equine veterinary journal》2015,47(3):267-274

The development of equine immunity from the fetus to adulthood is complex. The foal's immune response and the immune mechanisms that they are equipped with, along with changes over the first months of life until the immune system becomes adult‐like, are only partially understood. While several innate immune responses seem to be fully functional from birth, the onset of adaptive immune response is delayed. For some adaptive immune parameters, such as immunoglobin (Ig)G1, IgG3, IgG5 and IgA antibodies, the immune response starts before or at birth and matures within 3 months of life. Other antibody responses, such as IgG4, IgG7 and IgE production, slowly develop within the first year of life until they reach adult levels. Similar differences have been observed for adaptive T cell responses. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production by T helper 1 (Th1)‐cells and cytotoxic T cells starts shortly after birth with low level production that gradually increases during the first year of life. In contrast, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) produced by Th2‐cells is almost undetectable in the first 3 months of life. These findings offer some explanation for the increased susceptibility of foals to certain pathogens such as Rhodococcus equi. The delay in Th‐cell development and in particular Th2 immunity during the first months of life also provides an explanation for the reduced responsiveness of young horses to most traditional vaccines. In summary, all immune components of adult horses seem to exist in foals but the orchestrating and regulation of the immune response in immature horses is strikingly different. Young foals are fully competent and can perform certain immune responses but many mechanisms have yet to mature. Additional work is needed to improve our understanding of immunity and immune regulation in young horses, to identify the preferred immune pathways that they are using and ultimately provide new preventive strategies to protect against infectious disease.  相似文献