Bearing properties of engineered wood products I: effects of dowel diameter and loading direction     

Kweonhwan Hwang  Kohei Komatsu 《Journal of Wood Science》2002,48(4):295-301

The embedment tests of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) with two moduli of elasticity (MOE; 7.8 GPa and 9.8GPa), parallel strand lumber (PSL), and laminated strand lumber (LSL) were conducted in accordance with ASTM-D 5764. The load-embedment relation for each of these engineered wood products (EWPs) was established. The directional characteristics of bearing strength (_e), initial stiffness (k _e), and effective elastic foundation depth were obtained from the tested results. The effective elastic foundation depth (=E/k _e,E = MOE), based on the theory of a beam on elastic foundation, was obtained from thek _e and MOE. An of 90° (perpendicular to the grain) was calculated by dividingE ₉₀ [MOE of 90° from the compression test, but MOE of 0° (E ₀), parallel to the grain, obtained from the bending test] byk _e90, the initial stiffness of 90°. This study aimed to obtain the bearing characteristics of each EWP, taking into consideration their anisotropic structures, for estimating the fastening strength of a dowel-type fastener. The relations between the bearing coefficients ( _e,k _e,) on the loading direction and dowel diameter were established from the load-embedment curves. Based on the results of the embedment test, tested EWPs showed different tendencies in all directions from wood and glued laminated timber.Part of this study was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999  相似文献   

层积时间和深度及贮藏年限对黄瑞香种子萌发的影响     

王勤礼  闫芳  毛著鸿  许耀照  侯梁宇 《经济林研究》2015,(3)

为了找到探索有效打破黄瑞香种子休眠、提高种子发芽率的方法,以黄瑞香种子为试材,研究3种不同层积期、4种不同层积深度以及不同贮藏年限对黄瑞香种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,贮藏1 a或2 a对黄瑞香种子发芽率的影响差异不显著;不同层积期、不同层积深度对黄瑞香种子发芽率有显著影响。层积期10月20日发芽率最高,11月9日发芽率最低;层积深度80 cm效果最好,40 cm发芽率最低;黄瑞香种子生理休眠属深度生理休眠。由于各因素间对打破种子休眠无交互作用,因此层积期为1 0月20日至10月30日、层积深度为60~100 cm,可获得较高的发芽率。  相似文献   

深松对叶丛生长期甜菜形态结构特性及生物量积累特性的影响     

阿不都卡地尔·库尔班  陈友强  刘华君  潘竟海  李小惠  林明  鲁伟丹  白晓山  董心久  李思忠 《新疆农业科学》2022,59(10):2421-2430

【目的】研究深松深度对新疆南疆甜菜叶丛生长期植株形态结构及生物量积累影响,为新疆南疆甜菜田合理耕作层的构建提供依据。【方法】采用大田随机区组试验设计,设置4个处理,深松深度分别为35 cm(S₃₅)、45 cm(S₄₅)、55 cm(S₅₅)处理,未作深松处理作对照(CK),研究不同深松深度对甜菜叶丛生长期植株形态结构特性、各器官生物量积累的影响,分析叶片、叶柄形态结构特性与块根形态指标的相关性。【结果】甜菜叶丛生长期叶片长、叶片宽、叶片鲜重、叶柄长、叶柄粗及叶柄鲜重均随叶序的增加呈先增后降的趋势,其中L₅叶片出现最大值,可作为功能叶,且深松深度为55 cm促进甜菜叶丛生长期功能叶片和叶柄的生长。深松55 cm与对照(CK)相比,甜菜叶丛期块根长、块根直径、块根围及块根鲜重显著(P<0.05)增加了25.93%、25.59%、30.15%、19.19%,使单株总鲜重和叶片鲜重比例分别增加了29.99%、9.96%,降低甜菜块根鲜重比例和根冠比8.35%、14.29%。【结论】在新疆南疆深松深度为55 cm能有效促进甜菜叶丛生长期叶片生长,增加甜菜叶片生物量(源)的积累。  相似文献   

基于深度视觉和蚁群避障算法的果园精准喷施路径规划方法     

梁娟  肖珂  张艳 《河北农业大学学报》2022,45(5):122-130

为了实现对Y-shaped果树的精准喷施,本文融合了彩色及深度视觉图像,提出了1种基于蚁群避障算法的果园最优行驶路径的规划方法。首先,对彩色图像进行图像分割处理,划分道路及果树树墙障碍区域,得出喷施设备的可行驶区域,提出了喷施行驶范围检测算法;然后,通过对深度图像和彩色图像融合的处理,将Y-shaped果树树冠边缘轮廓精准拟合形成栅格地图,并与蚁群避障算法相结合,提出了最优行驶路径规划算法。最后,对拟合曲线和Y-shaped果树树冠边缘轮廓进行检验,验证算法的拟合程度。实验结果证明,本文提出的路径规划算法可以准确地检测出果树区域,并实现对行驶路径的精准规划。  相似文献   

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响          下载免费PDF全文

柳开楼  都江雪  邬磊  张文菊  韩天富  李文军  施林林  余喜初 《农业资源与环境学报》2022,39(6):1115-1123

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0~20、20~40、40~60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0~20 cm和20~40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0~20、20~40cm和40~60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14~2.60、1.39~2.80倍和27.03%~180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95~18.29、7.57~12.31倍和70.67%~709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出随着团聚体粒径的增大而逐渐增加的趋势。水稻吸磷量和磷素盈余量也表现为NPKM处理最高,NPK处理次之,NK处理最低。进一步分析发现,团聚体总磷和有效磷含量主要受磷素盈余量的影响,且团聚体中的有效磷含量还受总磷含量的直接调控。研究表明,40年长期有机无机肥配施显著影响红壤稻田表层和深层团聚体磷素分配,且>2 mm团聚体组分中有效磷含量的响应最为敏感,通过调控磷素盈余可以显著影响团聚体中磷分配。  相似文献   

地下水埋深与施氮水平对夏玉米生长及硝态氮量的影响     

佘映军  李平  白芳芳  杜臻杰  梁志杰  齐学斌 《灌溉排水学报》2021,(4):22-28

【目的】探讨华北地区夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系下氮肥减施与地下水埋深的交互作用。【方法】借助大型地中渗透仪和Logistic作物生长模型,采用二因素完全随机区组设计:地下水埋深(G1:2.0 m、G2:3.0 m、G3:4.0 m),施氮量(N1:减氮20%、N2:常规施氮),以及不施氮不控水作为对照(WN),研究了华北地区地下水埋深和施氮水平组合对夏玉米生长、干物质量积累和硝态氮量的影响。【结果】所有处理夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)在灌浆期最大,成熟期相同施氮水平,G1处理LAI显著高于G2、G3处理;N2水平下,G1处理玉米株高快速生长时间较G2、G3处理分别增加了3.99%、12.91%,但最大增长速率相对降低了9.69%、14.65%;N1水平下,G1处理籽粒干物质量显著高于G2和G3处理,N2水平下,G3处理籽粒干物质量显著高于G1和G2处理;N2水平下,G1处理硝态氮增量显著高于G2、G3处理,0~20 cm分别高出75.92%、90.03%,20~40 cm分别高出30.56%、130.95%。同一地下水埋深下,成熟期LAI表现为N2处理显著高于N1处理;0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层N2处理下硝态氮增量是N1处理的1.4~5.3倍和2.4~11.2倍;在G1水平下,N2处理株高快速生长期较N1处理增加了7.52%,而N1处理单株籽粒干物质量显著高于N2处理,高出9.13%;Person相关性分析表明,N2水平下,随着地下水埋深变化,0~40 cm土层硝态氮增量与产量显著负相关,R²为0.827~0.883。【结论】高氮与较浅地下水埋深组合促进了玉米营养生长,不利于玉米生殖生长和产量形成;低氮与浅地下水埋深组合有利于产量形成和减氮增效。  相似文献   

磁珠富集法制备大口鲶的微卫星分子标记   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

全迎春 《水产学报》2006,30(3):335-340

2004年3月16日-6月8日，在广东广远渔业集团有限公司玻璃钢大滚筒冷海水金枪鱼延绳钓渔船“华远渔19”号，对印度洋马尔代夫海域进行金枪鱼渔业调查。所获数据资料包括：①CTD测定的温度、盐度和深度数据，TDR测定的实际钩深；②作业参数，包括每次作业的钩数、投绳位置、投绳时间、航向、航速、出绳速度、两浮子间的钩数、起绳位置、起绳时间等；③渔场环境数据，包括风速、风向、钓具对地漂移速度和方向；④渔获统计，包括大眼金枪鱼的渔获尾数以及部分大眼金枪鱼的钓获钩号；⑤生物学数据，包括起捕时已死的大眼金枪鱼的体温。分析计算的方法和步骤为：①由理论公式推算出每次作业时各钩号的理论深度；②应用逐步回归的方法，建立理论钩深与实测的平均钩深之间的数学关系模型；③根据实际平均钩深模型计算出每个钓钩的平均作业深度；④根据CTD测得的作业地点的温度、盐度的垂直分布（41次），获得分布曲线。由此，以计算的钩深，从曲线上查出该尾鱼捕获水深处的温、盐数据；⑤根据121尾大眼金枪鱼的取样数据，推算出各水层、水温段、盐度段的渔获率；⑥根据起捕时已死的34尾大眼金枪鱼（鱼体发硬）的体温、以死鱼体温为引数，在曲线上查出该尾鱼捕获水深和盐度；最后，对钓获的大眼金枪鱼的钓获水层、水温和盐度进行了总体分析。分析结果表明：在马尔代夫海域，捕获大眼金枪鱼的水层为50～210m、水温范围为13．0～29．9℃、盐度范围为35．00～35．79；渔获率最高的水层为70～90m、水温范围为27．0～27．9oC、盐度范围为35．70～35．79；捕获时已死鱼的捕获水层、水温和盐度推算数据为63～203m、14．0～27．0℃和34．94～35．42，主要集中在63～134m、16．0～27．0℃和35．30～35．42。  相似文献   

Screening for periodontal disease in research dogs - a methodology study     

Hanne E Kortegaard  Thomas Eriksen  Vibeke Baelum 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)

Background

It has been shown that the prevalence of both clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥1 mm and pocket probing depth (PPD) ≥4 mm is relatively high even in younger dogs, but also that only a minority of the dogs have such clinical signs of periodontal disease (PD) in more than a few teeth. Hence, a minority of dogs carry the major PD burden. These epidemiological features suggest that screening for PD in larger groups of dogs, allowing for rapid assessment of treatment planning, or for the selection of dogs with or without PD prior to be included in experimental trials, should be possible. CAL is the central variable in assessing PD extent and severity while PPD is the central variable used in treatment planning which make these two variables obvious in a screening protocol with the dual aim of disease identification and treatment planning. The main purpose of the present study in 98 laboratory Beagle dogs was to construct a fast, simple and accurate screening tool, which is highly sensitive for the identification of dogs with PD.

Results

Examination of the maxillary P4, P3, P2, I1 and C would, in this population, result in the identification of 85.5% of all dogs and 96% of all teeth positive for CAL ≥1 mm, and 58.9% of all dogs and 82.1% of all teeth positive for PD ≥4 mm.Examination of tooth pairs, all C’s, maxillary I2, M2 and the mandibular P4 would, in this population result in identification of 92.9% of all dogs and 97.3% of all teeth positive for PD ≥4 mm, and 65.5% of all dogs and 83.2% of all teeth positive for CAL ≥1 mm. The results presented here only pertain to the present study population.

Conclusions

This screening protocol is suitable for examination of larger groups of laboratory Beagle dogs for PD and our findings indicate that diseased dogs are identified with a high degree of sensitivity. Before this screening can be used in clinical practice, it has to be validated in breeds other than Beagle dogs and in populations with larger age variation.  相似文献   

武夷山土壤氮素垂直分异规律研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑姗姗  ;王子敏  ;吴鹏飞  ;蔡丽平  ;马祥庆 《西南林学院学报》2014,(5):20-24

为探讨武夷山自然保护区土壤氮素的垂直分异规律,在武夷山自然保护区不同海拔的林分内设立标准地,对不同海拔和土层土壤全氮、水解性氮、铵态氮、硝态氮等指标进行测定,分析土壤不同氮素的垂直分异规律。结果表明,武夷山自然保护区0-20 cm土层土壤全氮、水解性氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量总体上随海拔高度的升高呈增加趋势,而20-40 cm及40-60 cm土层不同形态氮素含量随着海拔高度的变化呈现一定的波动;在土壤剖面垂直分布上,土壤全氮、水解性氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,土层深度对土壤不同氮素含量的影响达显著水平,但土壤全氮含量在不同土层间的差异规律不明显。  相似文献   

Visualisation of standardized life-history patterns   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dirk Zeller  Daniel Pauly 《Fish and Fisheries》2001,2(4):344-355

The life‐history patterns of fish and invertebrate species are complex. But much of this complexity can be captured in simple diagrams of coastal transects, where juveniles usually occur in larger numbers in shallow waters, while adults generally inhabit deeper, offshore waters. Iconographic representations of generalized life‐history patterns and depth profiles, with specific key life‐history parameters can capture much of these standardized patterns, including spawning areas, nursery/juvenile distributions, adult distributions and spawning migrations. Several examples presented here from a wide range of habitats and ecosystems (temperate and tropical waters, demersal, deep water, pelagic and coral reefs), including an example of different stocks of the same species, illustrate some general patterns with regard to water depth and distance from shore. The present approach should be viewed as a first step towards obtaining standardized patterns about key life‐history parameters, and will hopefully lead to incorporation into management of life‐history interconnectivity between different fishery sectors or gears. This may contribute to sustainable, ecosystem‐based approaches to management by informing policy options when faced with decisions to rationalize overcapitalized fisheries.  相似文献