Yield and soil system changes from conservation tillage in dryland farming: A case study from North Eastern Tanzania     

Elin Enfors  Jennie Barron  Hodson MakuriraJohan Rockström  Siza Tumbo 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(11):1687-1695

Yield levels in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa are generally low. Water shortage in the root zone during critical crop development stages is a fundamental constraining factor. While there is ample evidence to show that conservation tillage can promote soil health, it has recently been suggested that the main benefit in semi-arid farming systems may in fact be an in situ water harvesting effect. In this paper we present the result from an on-farm conservation tillage experiment (combining ripping with mulch and manure application) that was carried out in North Eastern Tanzania from 2005 to 2008. Special attention was given to the effects of the tested treatment on the capacity of the soil to retain moisture. The tested conservation treatment only had a clear yield increasing effect during one of the six experimental seasons (maize grain yields increased by 41%, and biomass by 65%), and this was a season that received exceptional amounts of rainfall (549 mm). While the other seasons provided mixed results, there seemed to be an increasing yield gap between the conservation tillage treatment and the control towards the end of the experiment, and cumulatively the yield increased with 17%. Regarding soil system changes, small but significant effects on chemical and microbiological properties, but not on physical properties, were observed. This raises questions about the suggested water harvesting effect and its potential to contribute to stabilized yield levels under semi-arid conditions. We conclude that, at least in a shorter time perspective, the tested type of conservation tillage seems to boost productivity during already good seasons, rather than stabilize harvests during poor rainfall seasons. Highlighting the challenges involved in upgrading these farming systems, we discuss the potential contribution of conservation tillage towards improved water availability in the crop root zone in a longer term perspective.  相似文献   

Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto  Reiner Wassmann  Takashi HiranoAkira Miyata  Ryusuke HatanoArvind Kumar  Agnes PadreModesto Amante 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(9):1417-1430

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.  相似文献   

我国农村水利现代化的发展规律初探     

罗强  吴红良  邱元峰  姚凯文  雷声隆 《灌溉排水学报》2011,30(5):17-21

水利现代化是经济社会现代化的一部分,涉及到加强基础设施、建立可靠的水安全体系、发展水利服务等物质层面,也包含水利现代化的理念、动力、路径、内涵等进程。基于对世界一些先进国家和国内某些省水利现代化的发展研究,探讨了我国农村水利现代化发展的进程有序和相似性、进程的国家差异和进程特征、水利投资的特点等一些客观规律性。  相似文献   

基于ArcEngine的水污染突发事件水力应急调度管理信息系统的研究与实现     

朴慧  孟晓路  于燕  张玲 《农业科技与装备》2012,(6):50-52

针对江河流域水污染突发状况,采用GIS工具与数据库相结合的方式,模拟水污染突发状况的范围,为应急预案提供直观、科学的理论依据。系统将空间数据、属性数据与集成项目管理结合起来,使水环境监测、污染源检索、排污口定位等功能可视化、系统化、标准化,提高了模块的实用性。  相似文献   

考虑配置的多源注水系统泵站运行方案优化     

杨建军  战红  丁玉成 《排灌机械》2012,30(4):442-446

为了实现对多源注水系统中各站内运行注水泵的型号、数量及运行参数同时进行优化,以系统输入功率最小为优化目标,考虑水量平衡、泵流量、泵正常运行压力、泵型号等约束,建立了考虑泵配置的泵站运行方案优化数学模型.针对优化问题的特点,设计了双重编码改进遗传算法对模型进行求解.在双重编码中,第1行采用实数编码表示泵的流量,第2行采用整数编码表示泵所属注水站编号,实现了对优化变量的准确描述,并指出了解的编码为变长度编码.设计了根据流量确定泵型号的方法,泵的其他运行参数根据选择的泵型号确定.在改进遗传算法操作过程中,设计了初始解的产生方法及与问题相适应的多种交叉和变异方法,使部分约束条件得到了满足,减少了不可行解的数量.利用本算法对某深度注水系统进行了优化设计,优化后系统输入功率比现状降低了2.42%,表明在多源注水系统中对泵的配置及运行参数进行同时优化节能效果明显.  相似文献   

磁化水在农业上的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周胜  张瑞喜  褚贵新  王卫兵 《农业工程》2012,2(6):44-48

介绍了磁化作用后水的物化特性的变化,分别从磁化水灌溉可以促进种子萌发与幼苗生长、可以提高产量,改善土壤盐碱性,提高水资源利用率等方面介绍了磁化水在农业上的应用,并从分子团大小的角度分析了磁化水作用的机理,同时对各种磁化方式进行了对比分析,最后介绍了磁化水处理技术的广泛应用前景。   相似文献   

杭嘉湖平原河网地区农业用水计量方法研究     

胡荣祥  卢成  郑世宗  贾宏伟 《节水灌溉》2012,(4):61-63

农业用水计量作为一项基础性工作,是开展农业用水管理的基本依据和重要内容,为区域农业用水的最严格水资源管理提供基础数据和技术支持。在总结当前国内普遍使用的量水技术的基础上,对比分析了各种量水技术的原理和优缺点,并结合浙江省用水计量的现状,对四种计量方法开展用水试验,分析了它们的成本和测量精度,最后提出了适合浙江省杭嘉湖平原地区推广使用的量水方法。  相似文献   

AquaCrop作物模型在松嫩平原春麦区的校正和验证   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

付驰  李双双  李晶  王泳超  芦玉双  许为政  魏湜 《灌溉排水学报》2012,31(5)

为了研究AquaCrop作物模型在松嫩平原春麦区的适用性,利用实测的土壤水分、春小麦生长和产量数据,结合气象数据,获得AquaCrop模拟土壤水分和春小麦生长的模型参数,并用往年的作物生长数据对模型进行验证。结果表明,春小麦的产量和生物量的实测值与模拟值的绝对平均误差(MAE)为0.058和0.109、均方根误差(RMSE)为0.06和0.11t/hm2、模拟性能指数(EF)为0.795和0.822、残差聚集系数(CRM)为-0.006 96和0.005 87、一致性系数(IoA)为0.959和0.966;对10cm和20cm土壤体积含水率的实测值与模拟值的MAE为5.23和2.53、RMSE为6.47%和7.95%、EF为-0.277和-0.069、CRM为0.097和0.212、IoA为0.585和0.741。说明AquaCrop模型对春小麦的生物量和产量及生育期土壤体积含水率的模拟结果总体较好,对松嫩平原春麦生产有一定的参考意义。  相似文献   

分蘖期水分对香稻香气及生理特性的影响     

王培  肖立中  唐湘如  田华  潘圣刚  段美洋  聂俊  罗一鸣 《灌溉排水学报》2013,32(1):103-105

以常规香稻品种桂香占和美香占为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了分蘖期水分对香稻香气及生理特性的影响。结果表明,分蘖期土壤水势维持在0～(-25±5)kPa时,显著增加了二香稻品种糙米的香气成分和籽粒的游离脯氨酸以及成熟期叶片、茎鞘和籽粒的脯氨酸氧化酶活性。分蘖期土壤水势维持在0～(-50±5)kPa时,降低了二品种籽粒脯氨酸氧化酶活性、糙米的香气成分和有效分蘖。因此,适当的分蘖期节水灌溉模式能有效提高香稻香气成分,且不影响水稻后期生理特性。  相似文献   

基于作物空间信息特征的灌区种植结构优化研究     

冯东溥  魏晓妹  李立  尚虎君 《灌溉排水学报》2013,32(2):1-5

针对目前北方许多大型灌区种植结构不合理、农业需水量偏大、水资源紧缺等问题,提出了一种基于作物空间信息特征的种植结构优化方法,通过调整种植结构和优化空间分布,减少农业需水量,提高农业效益。利用地统计学(GS)和地理信息系统(GIS)的空间处理能力,分区计算了灌区多年平均参考作物需水量(ET0)和作物需水量(ETc),并统计分区内作物单产和产值信息;构建了基于作物空间信息特征的多目标优化模型,设计了2种作物种植结构方案。结果表明,与传统多目标种植结构优化模型相比,基于作物空间信息特征的种植结构优化方法在节水效果和农业效益上都有一定的优势。  相似文献