基于酶抑制法的自助式农药残留检测平台建立   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈子鹏  马建博  杜建华 《农业工程学报》2019,35(21):289-294

以金华火腿骨为研究对象,研究不同提取方法对其呈味物质释放的影响。通过感官评价及可溶性糖、有机酸、5''-核苷酸和游离氨基酸的测定分析不同处理组间样品的差异,同时采用偏最小二乘回归法（partial least squares regression,PLSR）对提取物感官和呈味物质间进行相关性分析。感官评价发现,高压蒸煮的样品的鲜味、咸味和可接受度最高,其协同滋味的综合评分最佳;呈味物质分析发现,原液中所有呈味物质含量都最低,高压-复配酶解处理的样品中可溶性糖总量最高,高达132.68 mg/100 g;经过酶解处理样品有机酸含量显著增加（P<0.05）,达到3 733.32 mg/100 g;样品经不同处理后,5''-核苷酸含量呈现显著性增加（P<0.05）,总含量最高的是经过高压蒸煮处理的样品,质量分数高达1.24 mg/100 g,是原液和其他处理组样品的2.38～12.4倍;与样品原液相比,游离氨基酸总量都显著增加（P<0.05）,高压蒸煮处理的样品中含量最高,总质量分数为642.44 mg/100 g。借助偏最小二乘回归方法对样品的感官属性及呈味成分进行相关性分析,发现样品间具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,不同的处理方式所释放的呈味物质分布规律显著不同,高压蒸煮的样品与咸味和鲜味具有显著相关性（P<0.05）;酶解处理的样品与酸味和甜味有较强相关性,其他组样品与感官与呈味属性相关性不强。结论：不同处理方式的金华火腿骨具有不同的风味,其风味特征与多种物质有关,该研究结果为火腿骨的深度开发提供了理论指导,提高金华火腿骨的附加值。  相似文献   

1-MCP和壳聚糖处理保持红枣贮藏品质及其机理研究     

陈国刚  郭璟瑜  于译  王海 《农业工程学报》2019,35(20):338-344

以新疆灰枣为试材,研究纸片型1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）与壳聚糖（chitosan,COS）处理在（0±1）℃条件下对灰枣品质及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：至贮藏90 d时,与对照（CK）相比,1-MCP＋COS的腐烂率、失质量率分别降低53.4%、51.2%,可溶性固形物（total soluble solid, TSS）含量高出18.6%。抗氧化酶系统中的超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）峰值水平提高58.2%,过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）峰值高出34.8%;贮藏结束时过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）活性是CK的1.98倍,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase, APX）活性高出51.7%,差异显著（P＜0.05）。1-MCP、COS及1-MCP+COS处理均可不同程度地降低果实腐烂率、失质量率,保持较高的果实硬度和TSS含量,推迟呼吸高峰和乙烯释放速率高峰的到来并抑制丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）的积累,抑制脂氧合酶（lipoxygenase, LOX）和多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）活性,显著提高抗氧化酶系统活性。其中1.50 μL/L纸片型1-MCP与1% COS复合处理对保持果实贮藏品质、延缓果实衰老、延长货架期最有利。  相似文献   

基于NH_2-MIL-101(Fe)过氧化物模拟酶特性测定葡萄糖          下载免费PDF全文

万路  黄玉明  奉萍 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2019,41(3):84-88

研究发现NH_2-MIL-101(Fe)金属有机框架材料可催化H_2O_2氧化3,3,5,5-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)显蓝色,表现出过氧化物模拟酶特性,而且在较宽的温度(4～80℃)及pH值范围(2～10)内保持其模拟酶活性,结合葡萄糖氧化酶,建立了测定葡萄糖的方法.在优化条件下,吸光度与葡萄糖浓度在0.75～50μmol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,对葡萄糖的检出限为0.75μmol/L.将本法用于血清中葡萄糖的测定,获得满意结果.  相似文献   

猕猴桃园套种蕺菜对土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响     

李磊  龙友华  尹显慧  吴小毛  杨再福  张竹竹  舒然 《经济林研究》2019,37(3):128-137

为了提高猕猴桃果实产量与品质,在猕猴桃园以套种蕺菜、清耕和对照作为试验处理,测定不同时期猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量、酶活性和果实产量及品质,分析其相关性。结果表明:套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比对照处理提高13.95%、7.92%和3.94%,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别提高19.01%、28.89%和16.32%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性分别提高17.02%、12.63%、17.57%和7.98%,单果质量和单位面积产量分别提高7.14%和7.68%,维生素C、干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖和可滴定酸含量分别提高7.97%、18.29%、2.09%、12.37%和14.18%。相关性分析结果表明,套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤速效钾含量与土壤中细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶活性显著正相关,与磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤真菌数量与蔗糖酶活性极显著正相关。土壤放线菌数量与蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性显著正相关。土壤速效磷含量与维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量极显著负相关,与干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量与维生素C含量极显著负相关。土壤真菌数量与维生素C含量显著负相关。土壤脲酶活性与干物质含量显著正相关,与可滴定酸含量显著负相关。维生素C含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性极显著负相关,与土壤磷酸酶活性显著负相关。套种蕺菜有利于提高猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性,增加猕猴桃果实产量,改善猕猴桃果实品质。  相似文献   

Extraction and characterization of soil hydrogenases oxidizing atmospheric hydrogen     

Rongbo Guo  Ralf Conrad   《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(5):1149-1154

Soils are the largest sink of atmospheric hydrogen contributing about 75% to the total budget. Atmospheric H₂ is assumed to be oxidized in soil by abiontic soil hydrogenases. Extraction of a forest soil with a slightly alkaline (pH 8.5) buffer containing polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by filtration yielded a bacteria-free extract that oxidized H₂ at ambient concentrations (0.2–2.0 ppmv). Hydrogenase activity was assayed by gas chromatographic analysis of H₂ consumption and by conversion of ³H₂ to tritiated water. Only less than 2% of the original activity was recovered in the extract. Kinetic analysis nevertheless resulted in a biphasic kinetics exhibiting two K_m and V_max values that were similar to those detected in the original soil. In addition, activities of both original soil and soil extract showed similar optima at pH 4–6 and at 30 °C, indicating that representative fractions of soil hydrogenases were recovered in the extract. Precipitation with PEG or ultrafiltration allowed further purification of the activity, albeit only about 20% of that in the crude extract could be recovered in the precipitate or the fraction >100 kDa.  相似文献   

Response of an agricultural soil to pentachlorophenol (PCP) contamination and the addition of compost or dissolved organic matter   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rosalia Scelza  Maria Antonietta Rao  Liliana Gianfreda   《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(9):2162-2169

The response of a fresh, agricultural soil when contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and supplemented with compost (C) or dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied in the laboratory. The concentration of PCP and the changes in various functionally related properties (i.e. microbial biomass, basal respiration, soil hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity) were measured over 150 d. Variations in the main physical and chemical properties of the soils were also monitored. Two different doses of compost (C1 = 0.27% and C2 = 0.83%, corresponding to 10 and 30 t ha⁻¹, respectively) or DOM (D1 = 0.07% and D2 = 0.2%) equivalent to the carbon content of the two compost doses C1 and C2 were used and the following five systems were investigated: soil (S), soil–compost (S-C1 and S-C2) and soil–DOM (S-D1 and S-D2). PCP concentrations declined progressively and significantly with time. This effect was most pronounced for the soils amended with the lower compost dose C1 (S-C1) and with the two DOM (S-D1 and S-D2) amounts. Significantly reduced amounts of PCP were extracted after its 500-d residence in the various systems. Higher amounts of the residual PCP were extracted from the humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin–mineral (HU) fractions of the 500 d aged samples than from the same unfractionated samples, indicating that the residual PCP preferentially accumulated in the organic fractions of soil. The soil showed an endogenous microbial activity as indicated by basal respiration, microbial biomass and all the enzymatic activities tested (dehydrogenase, glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease). Addition of the PCP severely depressed some of the tested biochemical properties suggesting an inhibitory effect on microbial activity. Conversely, higher basal respiration, and similar β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were measured in comparison with the controls. No significant effects were observed following the addition of two doses of the compost or the DOM. Fungal colonies belonging to the taxonomic group of Ascomycetes and identified as Byssochlamys fulva developed with time in all the PCP-contaminated samples. Growth of B. fulva in vitro in the presence of PCP showed that the isolate was tolerant to 12.5 and 25 mg l⁻¹ PCP and degraded 20% of its initial concentration in 8 d. Overall, the results indicate that many complex processes occurred in the contaminated soil and combinations of these determined the response to PCP contamination. The sorption of PCP to the soil matrix (which increased with time) and its degradation/transformation by indigenous soil microbial activity were likely involved. Both the processes appeared to be favoured by the presence of dissolved organic matter.  相似文献   

Emerging tools for measuring and modeling the in situ activity of soil extracellular enzymes     

Matthew D. Wallenstein  Michael N. Weintraub   《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(9):2098-2106

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Dynamics of upward and downward N₂O and CO₂ fluxes in ploughed or no-tilled soils in relation to water-filled pore space, compaction and crop presence     

B.C. Ball  I. Crichton  G.W. Horgan 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,101(1-2):20-30

Sharp peaks in nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes under no-tillage in wet conditions appear to be related to near surface soil and crop cover conditions. Here we explored some of the factors influencing tillage effects on short-term variations in gas flux so that we could learn about the mechanisms involved. Field investigations revealed that a cumulative emission of 13 kg N₂O–N ha⁻¹ over a 12-week period was possible under no-tillage for spring barley. We investigated how reducing crop cover and changing the structural arrangement of the water-filled pore space (WFPS) by short-term laboratory compaction influenced N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in upward and downward directions in core samples from tilled and untilled soil. Increasing the downward flux of N₂O within a soil profile by changing soil or moisture conditions may increase the likelihood of its further reduction to N₂ or dissolution. We took undisturbed cores from 3 to 8 cm depth, equilibrated them to −1 or −6 kPa matric potential, incubated them and measured N₂O and CO₂ fluxes from the upper and lower surfaces in a purpose-designed apparatus before and after compaction in an uniaxial tester. We also measured WFPS, air permeability, bulk density and air-filled porosity before and after compaction. Spring barley was tested in 1999 and winter barley in 2000.Fluxes of N₂O were from 1.5 to 35 times higher from no-tilled than ploughed even where the soil was of similar bulk density. Reduction of the crop cover increased CO₂ flux and could reduce N₂O flux. The effects of structural changes induced by laboratory compaction on the fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ were not influenced greatly by the tillage and crop cover treatments. Fluxes from the upper surfaces of cores (corresponding to 3 cm soil depth, upwards direction) could be up to 100 times greater (N₂O) or 8 times (CO₂) than from the lower surfaces (8 cm depth, downwards direction). These differences between surfaces were greatest when N₂O fluxes were very high in no-tilled soil (4.2 mg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹) as occurred when WFPS exceeded 80% or became blocked with water, an effect that was increased by our compaction treatment. In general N₂O fluxes increased with WFPS. The production and emission of N₂O were strongly influenced by the soil physical environment, the magnitude of the water-filled pore space and continuity of the air-filled pore space in particular, produced in no-till versus plough cultivation.  相似文献   

Soil chemical and microbiological properties along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla Lam. plantations in the Horqin sandy land of Northeast China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chengyou Cao  Deming Jiang  Xiaohui Teng  Yong Jiang  Wenju Liang  Zhenbo Cui 《Applied soil ecology》2008,40(1):78-85

Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub, is a dominant native plant species widely planted to stabilize the moving and semi-moving sand dunes in the semi-arid Horqin sandy land of Northeast China. The objective of this study was to determine how C. microphylla plantations affected the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of a sandy soil. Soil samples at the depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm were collected from the C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 23 years. The results showed that shrub growth altered microclimate, increased litter input, and hence, improved soil water holding capacity, contents of total carbon, total N and microbial biomass C and N, electrical conductivity, and activities of urease, phosphomonoesterase, protease, dehydrogenase and polyphenol oxidase, and decreased soil bulk density. These trends increased with increasing plantation age but decreased with increasing soil depth. C. microphylla establishment could be an effective and applicable measure to restore vegetation and control desertification in the Horqin sandy land, and recommended for adoption in semi-arid sandy areas on a large scale.  相似文献   

玉米秸秆稀酸水解糖化法影响因子的研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

江滔  路鹏  李国学 《农业工程学报》2008,24(7):175-180

该文通过分析水解还原糖成分,研究了温度、时间、稀酸浓度、固形物含量对水解效率的影响;并结合残渣组分分析研究了稀酸水解过程中纤维素、半纤维素降解的规律.研究表明:在试验条件下玉米秸秆的水解主要以半纤维素为主,随着温度、稀酸浓度和水解时间的增加,纤维素的水解逐渐增强.当水解温度超过1000C后,水解得糖率迅速增加,超过110℃,纤维素开始水解;玉米秸秆的水解在前40 min就基本完成,过长的水解时间对水解效率的提高意义不大;水解的酸浓度应控制在1.5%左右;玉米秸秆在低固含物的条件下,水解效率相对较高.方差分析结果显示:温度、酸浓度对水解效率的影响最大,温度和固含物的影响次之,粒径的影响不显著;温度和酸浓度、温度和时间的交互作用对试验结果有影响显著.根据方差分析,最佳水解条件A3B2C3D1E1:温度125℃、时间80 min、稀酸浓度1.5%、固形物含量7.5%,在该条件下水解还原糖得率为32.71%.  相似文献