The Ecological Concept of Costs of Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

Martin Heil 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(1):137-146

Plant defence is thought to provide benefits for the defended plants. Theoretical concepts must, therefore, explain why there is variation in defensive traits, which naively might be assumed to be present constitutively in fixed high amounts. Explanations are mainly based on the assumption of fitness costs. Investment in defence is thought to reduce the fitness of plants in enemy-free environments. Fitness costs often result from allocation costs, i.e. allocation of limited resources to defence, which then cannot be used for growth or other fitness-relevant processes. This theoretical concept can provide a useful tool for the interpretation of induced plant responses against pathogens, named induced systemic (or systemic acquired) resistance (ISR or SAR). Phenotypic plasticity, leading to induced responses, might have evolved mainly to reduce costs, since investment in defence is restricted to situations actually requiring defence. ISR can incur allocation costs and other, indirect costs, which ultimately may lead to fitness costs. Evolution of any defensive trait depends on both what a plant ideally 'should do and what it actually 'is able to do. Costs of defence constrain its expression. This might have important influences on the evolution of plant defensive traits, as well as on the exploitation of natural defences in agricultural crop protection.  相似文献   

Competition and interactions among stripe rust pathotypes in wheat-cultivar mixtures   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. Lannou†  P. Hubert  C. Gimeno 《Plant pathology》2005,54(5):699-712

A series of experiments was conducted with wheat stripe rust to analyse competition between simple and complex pathotypes in host mixtures. Two different pathotype combinations were tested, with different host components. Each combination included a complex (able to infect two host components) and two simple pathotypes. For one of the combinations, induced resistance was tested in a separate experiment as a possible interaction among pathotypes. Disease severity and pathotype frequencies were measured three times during the epidemic, on each host component grown in pure stands and in mixtures. In one of the experiments, pathotype frequencies were also measured within secondary foci. One of the complex pathotypes appeared to have a low fitness on one of the host components and did not significantly increase in frequency in host mixtures relative to pure stands. The average frequency of the other complex pathotype increased during the first epidemic cycles, but remained stable afterwards, below expected values. The results suggest that the development of complex pathotypes in host mixtures may be influenced by differential aggressiveness on the host components, by induced resistance and by random effects resulting from the formation of disease foci, and depends on pathogen autoinfection rate and dispersal mechanisms.  相似文献   

Privatization of Veterinary Services in Developing Countries: A Review     

Sen A  Chander M 《Tropical animal health and production》2003,35(3):223-236

Increasing fiscal constraints on the government, a lackadaisical performance by public sector animal health and breeding services and pressure from donor partners have prompted the governments of various developing countries to rethink the role of the public sector in the provision of veterinary services. Various countries have started to implement, or have already implemented, privatization of some veterinary services. The results are mixed. It is established that private provision alone is not optimal, and a blend of private and public sector veterinary services is required to utilize the virtues of both.The privatization process has also begun in India. Certain state governments in India are pursuing a cost recovery approach and are encouraging private practitioners to cope with the financial constraints and to deliver broad and effective animal health and breeding services. This paper considers the global aspects of the privatization of veterinary services as well as the scenario in India, so as to gain an insight into the very complex and debatable issue of privatization of veterinary services.  相似文献   

Association between bovine-leukosis virus seroprevalence and herd-level productivity on US dairy farms     

Ott SL  Johnson R  Wells SJ 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2003,61(4):249-262

Bovine-leukosis virus (BLV; also termed ‘bovine-leukemia virus’) is a retrovirus that primarily affects lymphoid tissue of dairy and beef cattle. Our objective was to investigate the association between BLV infection and annual value of production (AVP) on dairy herds within the United States, as part of the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System’s 1996 dairy study. 1006 herds (in 20 states) with at least 30 dairy cows were interviewed during 1996. The agar-gel immunodiffusion test was used to detect serum antibodies to BLV. 10–40 cows from each herd were tested and each tested cow was classified as negative or positive based on results of a single test.

A multivariable regression model was used with the 976 herds with complete data for analysis. When compared to herds with no test-positive cows, herds with test-positive cows produced 218 kg per cow (i.e. 3%) less milk. The average reduction in AVP was $ 59 per cow for test-positive herds relative to test-negative herds. For the dairy industry as a whole, BLV seropositivity was associated with loss to producers of $ 285 million and $ 240 million for consumers. Most of this $ 525 million industry loss was due to reduced milk production in test-positive herds.  相似文献   

抗噻枯唑和抗叶枯净的水稻白叶枯病菌株的适应度比较   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王文相  张爱芳  徐瑞琳  叶正荷 《植物保护学报》2000,27(1):79-82

将水稻白叶枯病噻枯唑抗性菌和叶枯净抗性菌的适应度特性进行了比较。当Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ与敏感菌（Ｓ）的等量混合物在植株上繁殖时,Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ竞争不过Ｓ,但Ｐ＾ｒ竞争能力较Ｓａ＾ｒ强。Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ的致病力与Ｓ的无明显差异。但在离体保存时Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ易于丧失致病力。这种致病力的丧失是由于被保原群体中低致病力的敏感菌比例上升所致,进一步说明Ｓａ＾ｒ和Ｐ＾ｒ的适应度不及Ｓ。结果表明,白叶枯病市民经  相似文献   

抗三氟氯氰菊酯棉铃虫种群相对适合度研究   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15  

孟香清  芮昌辉  赵建周  范贤林  魏岑 《植物保护》1998,24(6):12-14

应用经三氟氯氰菊酯汰选的棉铃虫种群,在室内条件下分别研究了抗性、敏感及杂交Ｆ_１代（ＲＳ和ＳＲ）基因型相对适合度。结果表明,抗性基因型在产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫及蛹历期和成虫存活期等方面与敏感基因型相比较存在明显的不利性;与敏感基因型相比,抗性基因型只有０.４５的适合度,ＲＳ和ＳＲ基因型的相对适合度分别为１.１４和１.０８。  相似文献   

有关人造板建设项目投资控制的几点看法     

沈兰君 《林产工业》1998,(5)

强化人造板建设项目的投资控制,要求加强可行性研究的管理,纠正可研工作中存在的问题,提高可行性研究质量;同时,加强技术与经济的结合,以提高投资效益为中心,并根据“合理造价”的原则,通过调研和综合分析、比较,准确框定投资估算,为投资决策与强化投资控制提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Urban permeability for birds: An approach combining mobbing-call experiments and circuit theory     

《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2016

The urban matrix was recently shown to be a mosaic of heterogeneous dispersal habitats. We conducted a playback experiment of mobbing calls to examine the probabilities of forest birds to cross a distance of 50 m over urban matrix with different land-cover types in an urban area. We treated the reciprocal of the crossing probabilities as a movement resistance for forest birds. We drew resistance surfaces based on the land-cover maps of urban Sapporo. We applied a circuit theory to examine the relative role of a detour route consisting of a riparian corridor and urban matrix for dispersing forest bird individuals from continuous forest to an isolated green space in the midst of an urban area. Our results showed that wood cover had the highest crossing probability, while open land (grassland and pavement) had the lowest probabilities. Buildings and water surface displayed an intermediate probability. Resistance surfaces and flow maps at 25- and 50-m resolutions were very similar and suggested that dispersing individuals are likely to use the intervening building areas that dominate the urban matrix rather than detour through riparian corridors. Our results showed the useful combination of experimental approaches and circuit theory, and the importance of the spatial configuration of corridors, as well as the composition and management of dispersal habitats, to landscape connectivity.  相似文献   

基于参与性调查的密云水库周边农户对生态环境保护的认知与响应     

王海滨  李奇峰  程序  邱化蛟  朱万斌 《勤云标准版测试》2007,(12)

通过参与性农户评估的调查方法对密云水库周边地区877户农户对信息来源途径、环境保护认识、生态补偿意愿,期望与机会成本、移民意愿与补偿等方面进行分析研究,并针对存在的主要问题提出了相应的对策建议。保护水库周边地区生态环境,需要通过拓展农户信息来源途径,大力普及生态知识,增强农户环境保护意识,引导农户依托当地的旅游资源和北京郊区的区位优势,发展生态环保的都市农业。  相似文献   

海盐县秦山街道结球甘蓝滞销情况分析     

张芹 《杂粮作物》2012,(2)

2011年海盐县秦山街道结球甘蓝出现罕见的滞销现象,菜贱伤农,引起社会的广泛关注。借助实地调研资料,透彻剖析滞销的深层原因,并提出相应的对策和建议。  相似文献