Effect of grassland harvesting frequency and N-fertilization on stocks and dynamics of soil organic matter in the temperate climate     

Anja Nüsse  Deborah Linsler  Ralf Loges  Thorsten Reinsch  Friedhelm Taube 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(14):1925-1931

ABSTRACT

Management of grassland may affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). Objectives were to analyze the effect of different harvesting frequencies and nitrogen fertilization regimes on SOC and total N stocks in a field trial on a sandy loam to loamy sand soil of a grassland site near Kiel (Germany). Additionally, effects on microbial biomass C (C_mic) and ergosterol (as proxy for fungi) contents, water-stable aggregate size-classes and density fractions were studied. In the surface soil (0–10 cm), SOC and total N stocks, amounts of large water-stable macroaggregates (> 2000 µm) and contents of C_mic and ergosterol were significantly higher under a five cut regime. C_mic (r_Spearman = 0.61) and ergosterol contents (r_Spearman = 0.67) were correlated with amounts of large water-stable macroaggregates suggesting that fungi and microbial biomass play an important role in binding of small macroaggregates into large macroaggregates. The free light fraction of SOM showed significantly higher C concentrations under three cut compared to five cut at 30–60 cm, presumably related to the C/N ratio and the decomposability of root litter. This study indicates the importance of cutting frequency on SOC and total N stocks, amounts of large macroaggregates and contents of C_mic and ergosterol.  相似文献   

Characteristics of phosphorus accumulation in soils under organic and conventional farming in plastic film houses in Korea     

Pil Joo Kim  Doug Young Chung  Douglas Malo 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):281-289

Organic farming (OF) is a fast growing alternative for sustainable agriculture in Korea. However, information on the effects of OF on the soil properties and environmental conservation is limited. In order to determine the effects of OF on the soil properties, 31 fields under OF (hereafter referred to as "OF fields") and 61 fields under conventional farming (CF) (hereafter referred to as "CF fields") in plastic film houses were selected throughout Korea and the soil chemical properties were investigated, including the P distribution characteristics. Average organic matter (OM) content was significantly higher (44 g kg^-1) in the OF fields then in the CF fields (24 g kg^-1). Bray-2 P values were 986 and 935 mg kg^-1 in the OF and CF soils, respectively, markedly exceeding the optimum range. Average total P (T-P) values were 2,973 mg kg^-1 in the OF fields and 1,830 mg kg^-1 in the CF fields. The high T-P values were due to repeated application of manure compost with a low N/P ratio. Inorganic P was the dominant fraction with 62–65% of T-P. The amounts of residual and organic P were significantly lower. The level of OF organic P was significantly higher (453 mg kg^-1) compared to the 106 mg kg^-1 value for the CF fields. Fractionation of soil inorganic P showed that Ca-P predominated with 1,332 mg kg^-1 in the OF fields, which was associated with soil pH values over 6.0. The main inorganic P fraction in the CF soils whose pH values were generally less than 6.0 consisted of Al-/Fe-P. The levels of water-soluble P was significantly higher (65 mg kg^-1) in the OF fields than in the CF fields (24 mg kg^-1). These results indicated that the OF system may lead to a serious degradation of the soil environment due to the accumulation of phosphorus and may be an important source of water pollution compared to the CF systems in Korea.  相似文献   

Aluminum and nutrient interplay across an age-chronosequence of tea plantations within a hilly red soil farm of subtropical China     

Xiang-Min Fang  Xiao-Fei Hu  Ping-Cheng Yuan  Jing Li  Xi Chen 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):448-459

Aluminum (Al) and nutrients are key factors to influence tea (Camellia sinensis L.) productivity and quality, while how they interplay in tea plantations under the pressure of global change and increasing fertilization is little studied. In this study, we selected the tea plantations along an age-chronosequence to study Al fractions using a sequential extraction procedure, and nutrient concentrations in topsoil and subsoil and various plant organs. Our results indicated that Al levels and nutrient concentrations in soils and plants generally increased with planting year (P < 0.05), and soil Al bioavailability was positively correlated with Al concentrations in most plant organs. Significant negative relations among pH and most extractable Al fractions in both soil layers suggested that decreased pH would directly alter soil-plant Al cycling due to exogenous nitrogen (N) fertilizer and atmospheric acid deposition. Topsoil total phosphorus (P) was positively correlated with most Al fractions, and root P was positively correlated with root Al concentration, both of which indicate that P and Al were synchronously absorbed by roots in acid tea soils. In addition, topsoil organic carbon was positively correlated with both active and inert Al fractions, indicating that above-ground organic litters would be the main source of elevated Al levels in older tea plantations. Clearly, Al enrichment in tea leaves with increasing planting year needs to be considered under management practices with heavy N and P fertilizers and increasing atmospheric acid deposition in subtropical China.  相似文献   

Long-Term Phosphorus Desorption Using Dialysis Membrane Tubes Filled with Iron Hydroxide and its Effect on Phosphorus Pools     

A. M. Taddesse  A. S. Claassens  P. C. de Jager 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1507-1522

Many agricultural fields that have received long-term applications of phosphorus (P) often contain levels of P exceeding those required for optimal crop production. Knowledge of the effect of the P remaining in the soil (residual effect) is of great importance for fertilization management. Plant P availability of residual P in soils is usually estimated using successive cropping experiments carried out in field or greenhouse studies. As this approach is very expensive and time consuming, more rapid soil test methods that can approximate this biological measure are required. The objective of this paper was to use a different approach to evaluate P availability (desorption) over a long period of time instead of the classical means of extraction. Thus, a modified sequential P extraction procedure using dialysis membrane tube filled with ferric hydrate solution (DMT-HFO) was used on the long-term P fertilized soils that received differential P treatments (PoLo, P₁L₁ and P₂L₁) to determine the changes in the different P pools and to relate these P fractions with maize yield. In this study, the contribution of both the labile and non-labile Pi fractions in replenishing the solution Pi was significant where as the organic fractions appeared to have limited contributions in replenishing the solution P. Highly significant correlations were observed between dry matter yield and the P pools extracted by HFO-P_i (0.997*), HCO₃-P_i (r = 0.994**), OH-P_i (r = 0.969**), OH-P_o (r = 0.944**), D/HCl-Pi (0.991**), and C/HCl-P_i (r = 0.997**). Strongly significant correlations were also observed between the different P fractions and plant P uptake. The C/HCl-Pi was the fraction that decreased most especially for the high P treatments indicating that this fraction contributed significantly to the P extracted by DMT-HFO. This suggested that this fraction might be a buffer to more labile P fractions. The combined method employed here could act as an analytical tool to approximate successive cropping experiments carried out under green house condition. But the applicability of this method at a field level should also be assessed. Data from a wider range of soils is also needed to evaluate the universality of this method.  相似文献   

Homologies between prolamins of different minor millets     

K. Parvathy Parameswaran  B. Thayumanavan 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1995,48(2):119-126

Minor millets, viz. Barnyard millet, Proso millet, Little millet, Foxtail millet and Kodo millet, one variety in each grown in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu were selected for the study. The protein contents of the selected decorticated millets were found to be 11.0, 12.3, 12.9, 10.5 and 10.6% respectively. Fractionation of these proteins revealed that prolamin forms major storage protein in Foxtail millet whereas, glutelin forms major storage protein in all the other millets. The extractability was studied using different solvents, viz. isopropyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol with varying concentration of 2-mercapto ethanol. Electrophoretic pattern of the extracted prolamins from these millets were compared and found that a protein band at the molecular weight range of 20 kD was found homologous in all except Proso millet. The extractability of the 20kD protein in 90% isopropyl alcohol showed its strong hydrophobic nature.  相似文献   

The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse,Mucuna gigantea (Willd) DC     

N. Rajaram  K. Janardhanan 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(1):45-51

Seeds of the tribal pulse,Mucuna gigantea, were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, seed protein fractionation, amino acid composition, minerals and antinutritional factors. Crude proteins, crude lipids, ash and nitrogen free extractives constituted 30.62%, 9.03%, 5.99% and 42.79%, respectively. The calorific values of 100 g dry matter of seed material is 374.91 kCal. The essential amino acids, leucine +isoleucine, are present in relatively large quantities. The seeds are rich in minerals like K, Ca, Mg and Fe. Antinutritional substances like total free phenols and tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity and haemagglutinating activity also were investigated.  相似文献   

石灰性土壤解磷细菌的鉴定及其对土壤无机磷形态的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

潘虹  曹翠玲  林雁冰 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,43(10):114-122，151

【目的】从北方石灰性土壤中分离筛选解磷细菌,对其进行鉴定,并测定其解磷能力,为筛选高效稳定的解磷菌株提供参考。【方法】采集陕西杨凌地区白菜、葡萄、猕猴桃3种植物根际土样,采用稀释涂布法分离土壤解磷细菌,对分离到的细菌进行革兰氏染色,观察菌落形态及颜色,测定其生理生化性质,并结合16SrRNA法对其进行鉴定;测定各菌株在固体及液体培养基中的解磷能力大小;分析浇灌无机解磷细菌发酵液后石灰性土壤中无机磷形态及其含量的变化。【结果】共分离筛选得到10株解磷细菌,其中2株为有机解磷细菌(Y1和Y2),4株为无机解磷细菌(W1、W2、W3和W4),其余4株既能分解有机磷,也能分解无机磷,为双解磷细菌(WY1、WY2、WY3和WY4);分离到的10株解磷细菌为革兰氏阴性菌,其中WY1和Y2为短杆菌,其余均为杆菌。生理生化性质及16S rRNA序列分析结果表明,10株菌株中8株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),其中WY2、W1、W2、W3与腊状芽孢杆菌相似,WY3和W4与苏云金芽孢杆菌相似,WY4与巨大芽孢杆菌相似,Y2与Bacillus aryabhattai相似;WY1和Y1分别与耐寒短杆菌、杨氏柠檬酸杆菌相似。不同类型解磷细菌在固、液体培养基中解磷能力不同;高效液相色谱分析结果表明,筛选得到的无机解磷细菌部分分泌草酸,部分分泌酒石酸。石灰性土壤浇灌无机解磷细菌发酵液后,Ca8-P、Ca2-P含量增加,Fe-P含量减少,Al-P、Ca10-P、O-P含量变化不大。【结论】石灰性土壤中解磷细菌具有物种多样性,无机解磷细菌能使石灰性土壤中可利用有效磷含量增加。  相似文献   

长期施肥下水稻土有机碳固持形态与特征   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  

徐香茹  蔡岸冬  徐明岗  汪景宽  张文菊 《农业环境科学学报》2015,34(4):753-760

基于为期30年的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验,选用不施肥(CK)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、NPK配施低量有机肥(NPKM7/3)、NPK配施中量有机肥(NPKM5/5)、NPK配施高量有机肥(NPKM3/7)五个处理,通过物理-化学联合分组方法,分析土壤有机碳在不同施肥处理下的非保护、物理、化学、生化、物理-化学及物理-生化保护组分的碳含量特征及其与土壤总有机碳之间的关系,并探讨稻田土壤有机碳的固持机制。结果表明,除了非保护的轻组和微团聚体内闭蓄态的粘粉粒组分外,其他组分的质量比例在各施肥处理间均有显著性差异。有机无机配施(NPKM7/3、NPKM5/5、NPKM3/7)下,总有机碳含量(19.1~25.0 g·kg-1)、非保护的粗颗粒有机碳(cPOM)含量(8.41~12.7 g·kg-1)及物理保护的微团聚体有机碳(6.41~6.62 g·kg-1)含量均显著高于CK处理(P<0.05)。对化学、生化、物理-化学及物理-生化保护态的有机碳含量无显著性影响,表明非保护的cPOM及物理保护的微团聚体(μagg)对施肥的响应最敏感。相关分析表明,cPOM、物理保护的μagg及其闭蓄的细颗粒有机碳(iPOM)与土壤总有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),相关方程的斜率表明有机碳变化引起了组分变化,其中:土壤总有机碳变化引起的cPOM变化率最高(50%);土壤总有机碳积累引起物理保护的μagg及其闭蓄的iPOM碳组分变化率为12%;生化保护的非酸解粘粒和物理-化学保护的酸解的粉粒虽与土壤总有机碳显著相关,其变化率仅为2%~3%;其他各保护机制下的组分与土壤总有机碳含量均无显著相关关系。这表明在现行种植和管理制度下,供试红壤性水稻土有机碳主要以cPOM及μagg有机碳的形式积累,土壤化学、生化、物理-化学及物理-生化保护碳组分可能已经达到平衡。  相似文献   

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation          下载免费PDF全文

Han-bing CAO  Jun-yu XIE  Jie HONG  Xiang WANG  Wei HU  Jian-ping HONG 《农业科学学报》2021,20(6):1636-1648

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

Fractionation of cereal flour by sedimentation in non-aqueous systems. II. Rheological characterisation and baking performance of the protein fraction     

Stephanie Hartmann  Peter Koehler 《Journal of Cereal Science》2008

A previously described method for the non-aqueous fractionation of cereal flours by sedimentation in non-aqueous solvents was carried out using flours of three wheat cultivars differing in baking performance, as well as one rye and one barley flour. The method was based on differences in the densities of starch (higher) and protein (lower). Thus, suspending finely milled flour in an inert solvent mixture with a density in between the densities of starch and protein yielded a sedimented starch fraction and a protein-rich fraction at the surface of the solvent. Further purification of this upper fraction provided a protein fraction, a middle fraction, and a lipid fraction. The protein fractions were examined by means of rheological methods such as micro-extension tests and creep-recovery tests. They also were reconstituted to standard flour with a protein content of 13.5%, which was used for micro-scale baking tests. Compared to aqueous isolated gluten, the hydrated protein fractions from wheat were much more extensible and had a lower resistance to extension. The baking performance of the wheat protein fractions was superior to gluten and comparable to the native wheat flours. The protein fraction from rye gave a wheat-like bread crumb, whereas the barley protein was not suited for bread making.  相似文献