Phosphorus‐enriched soils of urban and suburban Nanjing and their effect on groundwater phosphorus     

Gan‐Lin Zhang  Wolfgang Burghardt  Ying Lu  Zi‐Tong Gong 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2001,164(3):295-301

Neither the phosphorus (P)‐rich soils in urban areas nor their environmental implications have been adequately studied. This study investigated soils of typical urban function zones in Nanjing/China, like park, residential areas, school yards, campus as well as suburb vegetable land and garbage filling sites, and meantime ground water in situ. Typical soils were also experimentally leached for P leaching evaluation. All studied soils were enriched with P with enrichment ratios varying from 2 to 10 for total P and 5 to 22 for NaHCO₃‐extractable P, as compared with the original parent soils. The C : P ratios also indicated strong enrichment of P in urban soils. In urban areas the maximum P layer appeared as buried under different depth while in suburban soils as epipedon. The various morphology of P distribution suggested different soil formation patterns, which were related to the land use history. Groundwater P was significantly correlated with the maximum extractable P content of P in soil profiles and even better with the weighted average P content of the whole profile or P content of the soil layer at or close to groundwater table. Dissolved P in experimental leachate was comparable with that of groundwater but higher than environmentally acceptable level. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between solution P and different extractable P forms of the studied soils. Simple P tests can provide an evaluation of the potential risk of urban soils in discharging P to water system.  相似文献   

农用化学品在蔬菜生产中的使用及对地下水水质的影响--以河北省曲周县蔬菜生产区为例   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

何英  李季  刘畅  段慧锋 《农业环境科学学报》2005,24(3):548-551

采用农户问卷调查、现场采样及测试分析等方法,研究了农用化学品在蔬菜生产中的使用及对地下水的影响。结果表明,2002年曲周县蔬菜生产中平均使用量为1650.4kg·hm-2,其中来自化肥的养分投入为1126.7kg·hm-2,农药使用量为22.73kg·hm-2。蔬菜生产中过量施用氮肥较严重,同时农药滥用现象也普遍,高毒农药甲胺磷、氧化乐果仍在大量使用。从2002年10月到2003年4月,对该区地下水的硝酸盐污染进行了3次取样监测,结果是地下水硝酸盐超标率为9.3%。本研究为规范蔬菜种植区的农用化学品施用提供了基础数据。  相似文献   

Release of atrazine and alachlor from clay-oxamide controlled-release formulations     

Richard M. Johnson  Armand B. Pepperman 《Pest management science》1998,53(3):233-240

Controlled-release herbicide formulations have been shown to decrease the leaching potential of several herbicides under laboratory and field conditions. The utility and efficacy of these formulations may be improved by combining several herbicides and a fertilizer source in a single formulation. The objective of these studies was to develop granular alginate formulations that were composed of a combination of the herbicides atrazine and alachlor with the slow-release nitrogen source oxamide (ethanediamide). Controlled release of the herbicides was obtained by addition of selected minerals, including calcium bentonite, fine-grind bentonite, montmorillonite K10, kaolinite and iron (III) oxide. A formulation without clay was used as a comparison. The formulations tested had herbicide active ingredient contents ranging from ∽0·02 to 0·54% and a nitrogen content of 21%. Release of the herbicides was studied by equilibrating the formulations with deionized water on a rotary shaker at 200 rev min^-1 and sampling at regular time intervals up to 104 hours. The minerals used in the different formulations influenced the herbicide active ingredient composition, as well as the release properties of the individual formulations. The atrazine content of the formulations decreased in the order calcium bentonite>fine-grind bentonite>kaolinite>montmorillonite=iron oxide>no clay. For alachlor the content decreased in the order of calcium bentonite>fine-grind bentonite>montmorillonite>iron oxide>kaolinite>no clay. Controlled release of atrazine (i.e. reduction in release rate) varied in the order calcium bentonite>iron oxide>montmorillonite>fine-grind bentonite= kaolinite>no clay, and for alachlor fine-grind bentonite>calcium bentonite>montmorillonite>no clay=kaolinite=iron oxide. A certain percentage of the applied active ingredient of both alachlor and atrazine was not recovered. From 5 to 27% of the active ingredient was not released, with the greatest retention by the bentonite formulations. Release of nitrogen was not strongly influenced by mineral type, although a trend indicated greater release with formulations containing kaolinite. © 1998 SCI  相似文献   

Changes in spatial and temporal variability of SAR affected by shallow groundwater management of an irrigated field, California     

P.J. Shouse  T.H. Skaggs  R.W.O. Soppe 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(5):673-680

In the irrigated western U.S. disposal of drainage water has become a significant economic and environmental liability. Development of irrigation water management practices that reduce drainage water volumes is essential. One strategy combines restricted drainage outflow (by plugging the drains) with deficit irrigation to maximize shallow groundwater consumption by crops, thus reducing drainage that needs disposal. This approach is not without potential pitfalls; upward movement of groundwater in response to crop water uptake may increase salt and sodium concentrations in the root zone. The purposes for this study were: to observe changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) and salt in a field managed to minimize drainage discharge; to determine if in situ drainage reduction strategy affects SAR distribution in the soil profile; and to identify soil or management factors that can help explain field wide variability. We measured SAR, soil salinity (EC_1:1) and soil texture over 3 years in a 60-ha irrigated field on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, California. At the time we started our measurements, the field was beginning to be managed according to a shallow groundwater/drainage reduction strategy. Soil salinity and SAR were found to be highly correlated in the field. The observed spatial and temporal variability in SAR was largely a product of soil textural variations within the field and their associated variations in apparent leaching fraction. During the 3-year study period, the percentage of the field in which the lower profile (90-180 cm) depth averaged SAR was above 10, increased from 20 to 40%. Since salinity was increasing concomitantly with SAR, and because the soil contained gypsum, sodium hazard was not expected to become a limiting factor for long term shallow groundwater management by drain control. It is anticipated that the technology will be viable for future seasons.  相似文献   

不同水分条件下冬小麦浅层地下水利用试验研究     

刘铁刚  罗毅  袁国富 《灌溉排水学报》2010,29(3)

使用蒸渗仪群开展了冬小麦对浅层地下水利用试验,讨论了在降雨、灌溉和不同地下水埋深等多种水分条件下冬小麦对浅层地下水的利用规律,并确定了适宜冬小麦生长的地下水埋深上限和相应的合理灌水量。结果表明,从返青至收获期,在40~150 cm埋深范围内,无灌溉无降雨条件下地下水对作物腾发的贡献率可达到90.0%以上,而降雨和灌溉处理的地下水贡献率减小到54.0%~78.9%。另外,无论是否有降雨影响,随着地下水埋深的增加,地下水贡献率都降低。试验结果还表明,150 cm是适宜冬小麦生长的地下水埋深上限,每公顷穗数较大是冬小麦产量高于其他埋深处理的主要原因。从返青至灌浆期,在150 cm埋深下,只需在拔节期灌水约60.0 mm,冬小麦产量就可达到8 846 kg/hm2,在无灌水和降雨时产量可达到拔节灌溉处理的80.0%左右。  相似文献   

河套灌区典型区土壤水-地下水动态与转化关系研究     

张文聪  史海滨  李仙岳  李祯  周慧  王维刚 《农业机械学报》2022,53(10):352-362

为确定限制引水背景下河套灌区土壤水-地下水动态及其转化关系,为优化农田水管理策略提供理论依据,选取河套灌区典型斗渠区域,基于2年土壤水、地下水的监测数据,分析在不同作物种植区、不同灌溉期的农田土壤水、地下水的动态变化规律。运用水量平衡法对地下水浅埋区农田土壤水与地下水的转化关系进行定量研究,结果表明：生育期内农田土壤水分变化属于“灌溉降水入渗补充-腾发消耗型”;受灌溉影响,不同时期地下水埋深动态具有显著的灌溉型特征,土壤水渗漏补给地下水明显抬升地下水位,地下水排水和潜水蒸发又降低地下水位;在作物生育期内,土壤水与地下水进行双向补给,且不同时期具有不同的转化特征;研究区2年生育期内灌溉降水补给土壤水分别为544.56mm和541.85mm,平均腾发量为465.5mm和434.8mm,土壤储水量减少61.96mm和63.1mm,土壤水补给地下水为207.73mm和236.94mm。研究可为当地及相近地区农业节水灌溉提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Differing trophic niches of three French stygobionts and their implications for conservation of endemic stygofauna     

Fabio Ercoli  Franois Lefebvre  Marjorie Delangle  Nil God  Michel Caillon  Roland Raimond  Catherine Souty‐Grosset 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(12):2193-2203

The hydrological impacts and sustainability of wetland drainage cultivation in Illubabor,Ethiopia     

A. B. Dixon 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2002,13(1):17-31

Wetlands are critical resources in the highlands of southwest Ethiopia, where they perform numerous environmental functions and provide a range of benefits for local communities. In recent years, however, an increase in the drainage and cultivation of these areas and reports of wetland degradation have raised concerns over the sustainability of wetland agriculture. This paper presents the results of a study in which groundwater levels were monitored in a series of wetlands undergoing different stages of drainage and cultivation, to establish the hydrological changes taking place as a consequence. The results suggest that drainage and cultivation induce extreme spatial and temporal variations in the wetland watertable. This is linked in part to structural and chemical changes in the wetland soil which affect hydraulic conductivity. Statistical analysis of this variability revealed the existence of wetland subunits, exhibiting specific hydrological behaviour, which may reflect the influence of current and past land use. Although degradation of these wetlands does occur, many wetland users are aware of their impacts and have developed practices which, in most cases, prevent overdrainage to the extent that the wetlands cannot support agriculture. In this respect, it is argued that wetland use remains hydrologically sustainable, although this ultimately rests upon the ability of communities to continue to develop and apply their indigenous wetland management practices under rapidly changing environmental, socio‐economic and political conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Instream mesohabitat biodiversity in three groundwater streams under base‐flow conditions     

P.J. Wood  P.D. Armitage  C.E. Cannan  G.E. Petts 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》1999,9(3):265-278

1. Concerns regarding the ecological functioning and biodiversity of groundwater‐dominated rivers have been highlighted in the wake of increased water resource pressures, channel management activities and natural drought. 2. The macroinvertebrate communities within three groundwater‐dominated streams in the UK, subject to different management strategies, were examined in relation to substratum mesohabitat diversity. 3. The mesohabitat structure was similar at all three sites examined but the number of taxa present at each site varied markedly. 4. Differences found at each site are related to (i) recent hydrological conditions (drought severity) and (ii) management activities, and are discussed with reference to the conservation and restoration of riverine systems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Leaching of Alachlor from Alginate-Encapsulated Controlled-Release Formulations     

Richard M. Johnson  Armand B. Pepperman 《Pest management science》1996,48(2):157-164

The mobility of alachlor from alginate-encapsulated controlled-release (CR) formulations was investigated in two contrasting soil profiles. Two CR formulations of alachlor were prepared with the following components (1) base—sodium alginate+kaolin+‘Tween’ 20 (1+10+0·5 by mass) and (2) base+40 g kg⁻¹ linseed oil. These were compared to technical grade alachlor and to a commercial alachlor EC formulation (‘Lasso’ 4EC). All herbicide treatments were labeled with [¹⁴C]alachlor and were applied to duplicate soil columns that were composed of a surface and a subsoil horizon. Each horizon was packed to a depth of 12·5 cm, giving a total column length of 25 cm. The columns were leached with 21 cm (420 ml) to 30 cm (600 ml) of 0·01M calcium chloride for a period of 7 to 10 days. Alachlor leaching from the EC formulations was the same as that from the technical material in both soils: 33% in the Evesboro and 10% in the Conover soil. The CR-Oil formulation leached 4 and 2% of the applied [¹⁴C]alachlor, compared to 12 and 3% for the CR-N formulation for the Evesboro and Conover soils, respectively. The CR-Oil formulation also increased the amount of [¹⁴C]alachlor retained in the soil surface horizon (105–114%), compared to CR-N (39–45%), technical material (14–23%) and EC (12–17%).  相似文献