不同倍性麦类作物HI和NHI的杂种优势及其与产量的关系     

岳平  孙其信  张爱民 《中国农业大学学报》1993,(Z2):79-86

本研究利用冬性和春性四倍体硬粒小麦(Triticum durum,AABB)、普通小麦(T.aestivum,AABBDD),春性和冬性六倍体小黑麦(AABBRR)及春性八倍体小黑麦(AABBD-DRR)等三种倍性六套材料,分别在每套材料中选取亲本并配成双列杂交以研究倍性与杂种优势的关系。结果表明:①冬性倍性材料间一致地表现出单株经济产量具有最高的杂种优势,单株经济产量优势高的主要原因在于生物产量的优势较高,收获指数一般优势较小。②不同倍性间亲本产量水平与杂种优势幅度表现出不同关系。冬性硬粒小麦产量水平与杂种优势幅度呈显著正相关,而普通小麦和八倍体小黑麦这种相关不显著。③倍性间杂种优势的比较表明普通小麦产量杂种优势略高于硬粒小麦,超亲优势无差异,表明在 AABB 内增加 D 染色体组似乎不会影响杂种优势的幅度。但小黑麦杂种优势和超亲优势明显低于硬粒小麦和普通小麦,似乎在 AABB 或 AABBDD 中增加 R 染色体组降低了杂种优势的幅度。  相似文献   

Agronomic Variability in Selected Triticum turgidum x T. tauschii Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats     

R. L. Villareal    A. Mujeeb-Kazi  E. Del  Toro  J. Crossa  S. Rajaram 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1994,173(5):307-317

Two trials were conducted at the Mexican National Institute of Agricultural Research Experiment Station at Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico to investigate the nature and extent of agronomic variation in 50 synthetic hexaploid (SH) wheats (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) derived from Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28. AABB) × T. tauschii (In = 2x = 14, DD) crosses for subsequent use in wheat improvement. Plant height, spike length, days to flowering, physiological maturity, grain yield, above-ground biomass at maturity, harvest index, yield components and test weight were determined.
Significant agronomic variation was observed among the germplasm evaluated. Outstanding SH genotypes were identified with higher grain yield, above-ground biomass at maturity, 1000-grain weight, and spikes m⁻² than the bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) check cultivar Seri 82. Genotypic correlations of grain yield with other character traits show that grain m² was the most important determinant of gram yield (r = 0.993). Data on agronomic traits subjected to complete linkage cluster analysis resulted in classifying the genotypes into two distinct phenotypic groups excluding Seri 82. Groups generally corresponded to durum progenitors of the SH with significant group differences for all characters. This demonstrates use of practical numerical analysis procedures to describe agronomic variation in representative SH genotypes. Clustering by quantitativy traits may be valuable for identification of genotypes with divergent sources for breeding and agronomic purposes.  相似文献   

Einfluß eines variierten N-Angebots auf α-Amylase-Aktivität, primäre Dormanz und Auswuchsresistenz von Weichweizen (Triticum aestivum L.), Roggen (Secale cereale L.) und Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)     

H. Detje  G. Geisler 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1989,162(3):201-213

Influence of Varying N-Fertilization Rates on α-Amylase Activity, Primary Dormancy and Resistance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), Rye ( Secale cereale L.) and Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)
Pre-harvest sprouting, induced by unfavourable ecological conditions, can affect the grain growers success considerably. Positive correlations are reported between resistance to pre-harvest sprouting and primary dormancy. Genotypes with a short dormancy period have a high pre-harvest sprouting risk. In the case of a premature germination of caryopses in the head of grain a hydrolysis of intact starch granules caused by the endoenzyme α-amylase takes place in the endosperm.
Negative correlations between falling number and protein content are reported, however, it is unknown, if a varying N-application influences pre-harvest sprouting rates, dormancy periods and amylase activity. For this reason, both greenhouse and field trials were conducted with different N-fertilization rates and (additional in the greenhouse) a rain simulation treatment.
High amounts of α-amylase a few days post anthesis are opposed to small enzyme activities in mature kernels. Stratificating temperatures and germination inducing precipitations at the same time are inducing pre-harvest sprouting and a high α-amylase activity especially in rye and triticale. It seems as if N-deficiency reduces the possibility of pre-harvest sprouting, on the other hand high N-rates increase the enzymes' activity and promote germination processes in the kernel. Effects of N-fertilization on dormancy are not known.
In the discussion of reasons for an increase of α-amylase activity in sprouted grain caryopses, changes in the relation of the phytohormones gibberellic acid (promoter of enzyme activities) and abscisine acid are mainly presumed.  相似文献   

Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)     

Kavallieratos NG  Athanassiou CG  Pashalidou FG  Andris NS  Tomanović Z 《Pest management science》2005,61(7):660-666

Laboratory bioassays were carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of two diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Insecto and SilicoSec, against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F) in eight different grain commodities. The adherence of the two DEs to each grain was also measured. The eight grains tested were wheat, whole barley, peeled barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and maize. These commodities were treated with the DEs at three rates, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 g DE kg(-1) grain. The mortality of R dominica adults was measured after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days and 14 days of exposure in the treated grains at 26 degrees C and 55% RH. After the 14-day mortality count, all adults were removed and the treated grains retained under the same conditions for a further 60 days. The treated grains were subsequently examined for F1 progeny. Significant differences were recorded among the eight grain types as well as between the DE formulations tested. After 14 days of exposure, even at the lowest DE rate for both formulations, adult mortality was high (>90%) in wheat and triticale. In contrast, adult mortality was significantly lower in peeled barley. Increasing the rate improved the efficacy of the DEs significantly in only some of the grains tested. Reproductive capacity in all the treated grains was significantly suppressed when compared with untreated grains. Generally, more F1 individuals of R dominica were noted in the treated peeled barley than in the other commodities. Significant differences in the percentage of DE retention were noted among the eight grains. The highest retention level was noted in rice (>87%) and the lowest in maize (<6%). However, the degree of DE adherence to a given grain was not always indicative of the effectiveness of DE against R dominica.  相似文献   

应用模糊综合评判法评价小黑麦的抗旱性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李诚  孔广超  曹连莆  李春艳  李卫华  李召锋 《湖北农业科学》2012,51(13):2682-2684,2687

运用模糊综合评判法对19个小黑麦(Triticosecale wittmack)品种(系)与抗旱性相关的性状进行了综合评价.结果表明,08草鉴15、07草品11、05草鉴2、08草鉴13和06草鉴5的抗旱性较强.参试大部分品种(系)经干旱胁迫处理后综合性状优于对照品种新小黑麦3号,表明大部分参试高世代品种(系)的抗旱性较强.  相似文献   

不同小黑麦品种的种子产量及产量构成因素比较   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵丹  杜文元  赵雅姣  田新会  杜文华 《草原与草坪》2013,(6):61-66

以32份小黑麦品种为试验材料,研究了各品种的产量构成因素（穗长、小穗数,穗粒数、穗粒质量）以及他们之间的相关性。结果表明,小黑麦品种OH2276株高最高,为136．77cm,但其种子产量低;安新麦83—25的综合性状最优,穗粒数最多,为J09。19;北联4号,89D-8和DH796综合性状也较好,具有良好的应用前景;HB200上的综合性状最差,HB200下和OB74的综合性状较差。  相似文献   

小黑麦的特性及应用研究进展   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

许庆方 《草原与草坪》2008,(4):80-86

作为第一个人工培育的谷类作物,小黑麦（×Triticosecale Wittmack）在我国草田轮作或填闲种植中,可以发挥重要的价值。详细论述了小黑麦农艺措施对小黑麦生长情况的影响,小黑麦的种质特性,抗性生理,以及收获利用等的研究进展,提出在小黑麦饲草加工与利用方面,还应深入研究。  相似文献   

Analysis of genetic variability of aluminium tolerance response in triticale     

Xianguang Zhang  Robin S. Jessop 《Euphytica》1998,102(2):177-182

Comparative analyses of genetic variability of aluminium tolerance response were made in a range of triticale genotypes of two sets, one consisting of six Australian cultivars (or lines), the other consisting of eight South African lines and an Australian check, by following solution culture and screening under controlled growth cabinet conditions. Results showed that Tahara, Tahara ‘S’ and Abacus were the most Al-tolerant triticales among the Australian genotypes in terms of root regrowth characteristics at 10 μg.g^-1 Al. The 19th ITSN 70-4, along with the standard cultivar Tahara was superior to all other South African genotypes; the eight South African genotypes spanned the range from Al-tolerant, moderately Al-tolerant to Al-sensitive. Regrown root length and percentage of seedlings with root regrowth were the two key indicators for screening and evaluating Al tolerance response. Considerable genetic variability of tolerance to Al stress among the two sets of tested genotypes was revealed by the estimates of genetic parameters. High heritability values were recorded for those two indicators, with associated high levels of relative genetic advance (RGA). Further improvement of varietal tolerance to Al stress in triticale could be anticipated through selection and breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Characterization of wheat-triticale doubled haploid lines by cytological and biochemical markers   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

X. Q. Zhang    X. P. Wang    J.K. Jing    K. Ross    H. Hu    J. P. Gustafson   《Plant Breeding》1998,117(1):7-12

Five wheat-triticale doubled haploid (DH) lines— M08, V209, DH220-14-2, DH696-3-4 and M16 —derived from anther culture of F₁s resulting from crosses involving hexaploid or octoploid triticale × hexaploid wheat, were characterized by cytological and biochemical markers. Cytological evidence from genomic in situ hybridization and C-banding indicated that DH lines M08 and V209 (2n= 42) each contained a pair of 1BL/1RS translocation chromosomes. DH220-14-2 (2n= 42) was also a translocated line with two pairs of chromosomes containing small fragments of rye. One of the translocation fragments carried the Sec-1R gene originating from the satellite region of 1RS; the origin of the other one remains unknown. DH696-3-4 (2n= 42) contained a 3D(3R) substitution. In M16 (2n= 44), three pairs of rye chromosomes, 3R, 4R and 6R, were present, 4R as an addition and 3D(3R) and 6D(6R) as substitutions. Biochemical, isozyme and storage protein markers confirmed the cytological conclusions. The advantages of transferring alien chromosomes or chromosome fragments into wheat and creating alien aneuploid lines by anther culture of hybrid F¹s are discussed.  相似文献   

八倍体小黑麦与七倍体杂种回交配子间竞争规律的研究     

程治军  吕知敏  张茹生  汪为民  李晓梅  刘淑芬 《作物学报》1998,24(4):480-485

当八倍体小黑麦与七倍体杂种回交时,七倍体×八倍体(以下简称“七×八”)组合的子房受精正常,80％的受精子房不能形成有胚乳的种子,有胚乳种子中能成株的仅有20％,回交效率为1％～2％,远低于八倍体×七倍体(以下简称“八×七”)组合的29.07％。通过分析“八×七”回交种子和七倍体F_1杂种根尖染色体数分布发现,八倍体小黑麦雌配子R染色体平均丢失率为0.133,具28染色体数的整倍体配子对27染色体数的非整倍体配子不具有竞争优势;父本七倍体杂种雄配子R染色体的平均丢失率为0.713,整倍体雄配子的竞争能力是非整倍体(染色体数27)雄配子的48.2倍。“七×八”组合回交效率低的原因可能是雌配子间竞争能力低,各种R染色体数的雌配子都能参与双受精,由于不完整的R组染色体对胚乳发育的干扰,大部分合子不能形成能成株的种子。  相似文献