连续分期配施有机肥对棉花超高产及土壤肥力的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

陈兵林  高璆  金桂红  王永乐  蔡良让  徐永东  杜华  王建祥 《江西棉花》2002,24(4):7-10

1997～ 1 999年定位施肥试验表明 ,在施N量为 592 5～ 60 0 0kg·hm- 2 (N∶P2 O3∶K2 O =1∶0 5∶0 6) ,有机肥N、P2 O5、K2 O分别占 1 0 0 %～ 1 2 4%、 50 3 %～ 51 0 %和 50 0 %的条件下 ,随着分期配施有机肥年限的增加 ,棉花果节数、结铃数、结铃率和皮棉产量均得到明显的提高 ,铃重和衣分也略有增加 ,土壤肥力也得了改善和提高。创棉花 2 2 50kg·hm- 2 高产 ,要求连续分期配施有机肥 2年以上 ,棉花六成铃区成铃比例皆在 1 0 %以上。  相似文献   

不同氮钾肥施用方法对水稻产量及抗倒伏性的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

金正勋  郑冠龙  朱立楠  孙璐璐  张忠臣  刘海英  徐振华  曲莹 《东北农业大学学报》2015,(3):9-14

水稻倒伏常发生于籽粒灌浆中后期,是高产、稳产、优质生产的主要限制因素之一。试验选用寒地超级稻品种松粳9号,研究不同氮钾肥施用方法对水稻产量性状及茎秆抗倒特性的影响,为寒地水稻超高产抗倒栽培技术的建立提供理论依据。结果表明,施氮量为90 kg·hm-2时,增加生育前期氮肥施用量有利于提高单株穗数、每穗粒数和单株粒重,但施氮量为135 kg·hm-2时,减少生育前期氮肥施用量,而提高生育后期氮肥施用量更有利于提高单株穗数、每穗粒数和单株粒重;在同等施氮量条件下,增加生育前期氮肥施用量可极显著增加第1和第2节间长度,并降低茎秆抗折力,尤其是施氮量高时这种影响更大;增加氮肥施用量时,相应增加钾肥施用量和减少生育前期氮肥施用量将有利于提高茎秆抗倒特性;增加生育后期氮肥施用量明显提高茎秆全氮含量,而增加生育前期氮肥施用量有利于促进水稻植株钾的吸收和积累,提高茎秆钾含量;茎秆氮含量与节间长度呈显著或极显著正相关,与抗折力呈负相关;茎秆钾含量与节间长度呈显著负相关,与抗折力呈极显著正相关。  相似文献   

氮肥基追比对不同成熟型小麦叶片衰老及产量的影响     

刘万代  张倩  汪大伟 《湖南农业科学》2015,(3)

为了探索不同成熟型小麦品种实现高产的适宜氮肥基追比例,选用正常落黄型品种豫农416和早衰型品种西农979为试验材料,在总施氮量240 kg/hm2条件下,研究了不同氮肥基追比对两种成熟型小麦品种籽粒产量、旗叶SPAD值、叶面积指数及群体质量的影响。结果表明,同一施氮量下,氮肥基追比例对不同成熟型小麦籽粒产量及其产量构成因素的影响均达显著水平,不同品种成产因素及产量的最适氮肥基追比不同。此外,增加追氮比例可明显提高早衰品种西农979各生育时期叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值,有效延缓叶片衰老。本试验条件下,氮肥全部基施或全部追施的产量均较低,氮肥基追结合可以增加产量,正常落黄型品种豫农416获得最高产量的适宜氮肥基追比为5∶5,早衰型品种西农979实现最高产量的最适氮肥基追比为3∶7。  相似文献   

Photosynthesis and Leaf Area of Brachiaria brizantha in Response to Phosphorus and Zinc Nutrition     

Lucíola E. C. Martins  Bruno C. Pedreira 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(5):754-767

Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are important determinants of plant productivity, particularly in the tropical grasslands of Brazil. Nutrient deficiency is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, decreasing photosynthesis efficiency and plant development. The present study investigates in Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. ‘Marandu’: 1) the gas exchange measurements; 2) the total leaf area development; and 3) the dry matter production due to P and Zn nutrition. Plants of B. brizantha cv. ‘Marandu’ were grown in nutrient solution under five rates of P (0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.6, and 2.1 mmol L^?1) and five rates of Zn (0.00, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.00 μmol L^?1), in a fractioned factorial. Plants were harvested two times. Phosphorus supply increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation and stomatal conductance, and decreased intercellular CO₂. The interaction P rates x Zn rates were significant for the total leaf area variables and shoot dry matter in the second growth period. The nutrition of P and Zn interfered in the B. brizantha productivity by changing the grass photosynthesis and leaf area.  相似文献   

Tolerance of Lisianthus to High Ammonium Levels in Rockwool Culture     

Rosalinda Mendoza-Villarreal  Alberto Sandoval-Rangel  Valentín Robledo-Torres  Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(1):73-82

Nitrogen (N) by form of nutrition, ammonium (NH₄⁺) or nitrate (NO₃^?), affects metabolic and physiological processes of plants. In general, a high proportion of N in NH₄⁺ form results in poor growth. Nonetheless, a number of species exhibit optimum growth when high levels of NH₄⁺ are provided. In the present study, lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn] was grown in rockwool cultures and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing 15 mM N with varying proportions of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?. The results showed that an increase in NH₄⁺-N form increased plant height, number of flowers and leaves, leaf area, and shoot, stem, and leaf dry weight. The proportion of NH₄⁺ also affected leaf concentration of phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), although leaf N concentration was unaffected. Potassium leaf concentration was higher when a low proportion of NH₄⁺ was supplemented in the nutrient solution; however, plants exhibited a decrease in leaf K concentration and a decrease in leaf Ca as the proportion of NH₄⁺-N increased. Shoot dry weight was higher with low leaf K whereas high leaf Ca was associated with high shoot dry weight. Net photosynthesis rate was higher in plants irrigated with solutions containing 75% of total N in NH₄⁺ form than in those irrigated with solutions of 0 or 25%. The results suggest that lisianthus can tolerate high levels of NH₄⁺, probably associated with a higher assimilation of Ca.  相似文献   

Effects of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Vegetative Growth and Mineral Element Composition in Leaves of Apple     

Mesbah Babalar  Salim Mohammad Sokri  Hosein Lesani  Mohammad Ali Asgari 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(14):2247-2258

Evaluations of vegetative growth and leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) were made of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab) grown with five treatments of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios in pot culture. The concentrations of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios were 2.5:0.1, 6:0.3, 6:0.5, 6:0.7, and 6: 1 meq L^?1. Regression analysis showed that growth parameters of main stems and branches were not affected by increases of NH₄⁺ in the ratios. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab differed in some of these parameters. Concentrations of N and Fe increased as NH₄⁺ increased, whereas K and Ca decreased and Mg was not affected significantly. Generally, the treatment of 2.5:0.1 produced leaves with lower N but higher K, Ca, and Mg concentrations than the other treatments. This research showed that vegetative growth was not affected by NH₄⁺ concentration whereas elemental composition was affected.  相似文献   

Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Characteristics and Essential Oil Yield in Dragonhead     

Saeed Yousefzadeh  Mostafa Govahi  Ozra Sadat Khatamian Oskooie 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(12):1862-1876

We conducted field experiments in two locations to investigation of organic and chemical fertilizer on soil characteristics and essential oil yield in dragonhead. Results showed that the inoculation of bacteria with the seeds in location 1 and also the inoculation of bacteria with the seeds of G₁ genotype in location 2 than G₂ genotype increased the total soil nitrogen content. The application of azocompost and its inoculation with urea's chemical fertilizer comparing to chemical control, it increase the soil carbon content. Results indicated that by increasing azocompost content with a linear procedure bulk density increased. Results showed that application of 100% azocompost treatment had the highest electrical conductivity in the soil. According to the results, the main effect of genotype and fertilizer regime and also two-way interaction (bacteria × fertilizer) had significant relationship with essential oil yield.  相似文献   

添加尿素和无机盐土对秸秆厌氧消化的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

段娜  林聪  田海林  钟明珠  张多娇  梁珊 《农业工程学报》2015,31(25):254-260

向厌氧消化体系加入外源添加剂是一种有效且简单的用于提高产气效率的方法。为了解决秸秆厌氧消化原料转化率低、易酸化、厌氧消化时间长等问题,该文选取尿素和无机盐土作为秸秆厌氧消化的添加剂,研究比较不同添加量对玉米秸秆厌氧消化过程产气特性、发酵环境、微生物活性以及物能转化效率的影响。结果表明,对于出现酸化问题且甲烷菌活性较低的厌氧消化系统,添加尿素和无机盐土有利于缓解酸化并促进微生物生长繁殖,三磷酸腺苷（ATP）峰值时的微生物数量可增加2.76×1011-5.31×1011个/L。添加一定量的尿素和无机盐土可使产气高峰提前,添加10%的无机盐土处理组与纯秸秆处理相比,产气高峰可提前4d;但酸化也会削弱尿素和无机盐土对产甲烷过程的促进作用,添加量越大,削弱效果越显著。研究结果可为秸秆厌氧消化的工程应用提供参考。  相似文献   

改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15  

胡雅杰  朱大伟  邢志鹏  龚金龙  张洪程  戴其根  霍中洋  许轲  魏海燕  郭保卫 《植物营养与肥料学报》2015,21(1):12-22

【目的】秸秆还田不仅可改良土壤和增加土壤有机质,还能提高作物产量和品质。但秸秆还田后,土壤有机酸积累和微生物固氮,抑制水稻前期生长。在长江流域稻麦两熟地区,当地农户往往通过增加施氮量来解决秸秆还田的负效应,造成肥料浪费和氮污染。因此,探索研究秸秆还田条件下水稻优化的氮肥运筹措施,阐明水稻产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对氮素响应特征,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率具有重要意义。【方法】2012 2013年,以超级粳稻武运粳24号和宁粳3号为材料,在江苏省兴化市进行大田试验,在秸秆全量还田条件下,设置常规施氮300 kg/hm2(N1)、增加施氮量345 kg/hm2(N2)和常规施氮运筹(CFP,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=3∶3∶4)、改进施氮运筹(MFP,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3),以无氮处理为对照,研究施氮量和氮肥运筹措施对水稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、氮素积累、氮素吸收速率和氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】随着氮肥水平提高,水稻穗数显著增加,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,最终增产不显著。与常规施氮运筹比较,改进氮肥运筹显著增加穗数,显著提高群体颖花量并增产,在N1水平下,改进施氮运筹增产幅度为5.18%7.10%,高于N2水平的2.70%4.29%。随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、移栽期至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至拔节期干物质积累量、氮素积累量显著增加,最终成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量有所增加,但差异不显著,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮偏肥生产力显著下降。与常规氮运筹处理相比,改进氮运筹显著增加水稻移栽期至分蘖中期干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率,增加成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力,在N1水平下成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别增加6.52%和5.55%,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力分别提高13.36%、8.55%、4.44%和5.29%,差异均达显著水平。【结论】秸秆全量还田条件下,增加氮肥用量水稻增产不显著,且氮肥利用效率低。不增加氮肥用量,通过适当提高基肥比例(基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3),可实现提高水稻产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮肥利用效率。  相似文献   

减氮对半冬性中筋小麦产量、NUE及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

易媛  董召娣  张明伟  蔡宝宾  朱新开 《核农学报》2015,29(2):365-374

为了研究半冬性中筋小麦在减氮条件下籽粒产量、氮效率(NUE)及氮代谢关键酶活性的差异与调控效应,于2012年-2013年以半冬性中筋小麦徐麦30、保麦1号为供试品种进行池栽试验。研究表明,施用氮肥增加了穗数和粒数,扩大了小麦库容(公顷粒数),而粒重却有所下降,但穗数和粒数的增加幅度大于粒重的降低幅度,从而提高了单位面积籽粒产量。施氮量从270 kg·hm-2降至225kg·hm-2,籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性略有提升,而单株氮素积累量、花后剑叶硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、籽粒GS活性均呈下降趋势,籽粒产量有所降低,但差异未达显著水平。减氮影响了植株对氮素的吸收,对氮肥表观利用率(RE)有降低效应,但增强了氮肥偏生产力(PFP)和氮素生理效率(PE),对NHI影响较小。在兼顾生产成本、生态和效益的条件下,将氮肥用量从270 kg·hm-2减少至225 kg·hm-2,更有利于半冬性中筋小麦的可持续高效生产。本研究为小麦合理施氮及提高氮肥利用效率提供科学依据。  相似文献