氧调控下人工湿地微生物群落结构变化研究     

陶敏  贺锋  徐洪  周巧红  徐栋  张丽萍  吴振斌 《农业环境保护》2012,(6):1195-1202

运用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）技术研究了氧调控下复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCW）微生物群落结构及活性变化,结果表明,不曝气IVCW基质表层以好氧微生物为优势种群,但绝大部分微生物都集中在0～20 cm基质层,系统的净化空间受到限制;氧调控下微生物群落向基质纵深发展,表征好氧微生物的单不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著增加,曝气系统下行池表层各类群微生物的生物量为不曝气系统的2～6倍,表征微生物活性的PLFAs总不饱和度水平也明显升高;革兰氏阴性细菌成为曝气IVCW基质微生物群落的优势种群,群落具有更高的活性和专一性,提高了污染物的去除效果。因此,进一步研究微生物的这种适应机制可以为优化湿地系统提供一定的理论基础。  相似文献   

Providing management options to control corn mouse (Calomys musculinus) reservoir populations using a cohort structured model     

M. F. Piacenza  M. D. Gomez  I. Simone  M. Lamfri  C. M. Scavuzzo  G. E. Calderón 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):255-265

We evaluate several management options for Calomys musculinus populations through the formulation and validation of a cohort structured model. Initially, a basic model was constructed and validated using field population data. Next, the model was altered to allow us to evaluate different management options. In general, basic model results were in agreement with field data, demonstrating that this model would be useful in describing aspects of corn mouse population dynamics. Restricting control measures to when mouse numbers reach high levels would be inadequate, because population numbers tend to increase in size after some years. In contrast, reducing vegetation cover in spring was more effective in reducing field population abundances. Despite some limitations, the model could be useful for evaluating the relationships between population dynamics and some biotic or physical environmental variables, and thus ensure more efficient use of resources in integrated pest management.  相似文献   

Informal Notes on the 4th East African Herbicide Conference at Arusha,Tanzania     

C. Parker 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):84-89

Abstract

An IPM schedule using synthetic sex pheromone (Z‐3‐dodecenol‐E‐2‐butenoate) as the principal component against sweet potato weevil has been evaluated for the first time in India. The components of the IPM Programme were: (a) disinfecting the planting materials by dipping the slips in monocrotophos 0.05% for 10 min; (b) installation of pheromone traps from the first day of planting at 10 m distance (one trap/100 m²) to destroy the male weevils; and (c) re‐ridging the crop at 30 and 60 days after planting. The continuous elimination of the male population by pheromone traps in the treatment has resulted in a drastic decline in the population build‐up of the weevil and consequent reduction in the damage, leading to increased production of marketable tubers over 53%. In the first season weevil damage was reduced from 33% to 9.7% and in the second season from 39% to 9.5% by adopting the IPM schedule. The control field showed a four‐ to seven‐fold increase in the pest population (516 to 741 in the control and 114 to 128 in the treatment).  相似文献   

农药对温室蔬菜的污染与综防措施     

焦瑞莲 《农药科学与管理》2013,34(10)

本文根据农药污染调查现状,提出了几项防治农药污染的综合防治措施,以供广大菜农参考.  相似文献   

烟田杂草防除研究进展     

赵浩宇  朱建义  刘胜男  周小刚  向金友  杨兴有 《杂草科学》2013,(3):1-7

烟草在我国已有超过400年的种植历史,是我国重要的经济作物.烟田杂草与烟草争光、争水、争肥,阻碍作物的生长,给烟草生产带来巨大的损失.本文对烟田杂草的种类、分布以及防除研究的现状进行了综述,并讨论了烟田杂草综合防治中存在的问题以及今后的发展方向.  相似文献   

二点委夜蛾研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王静  于毅  赵楠  张安盛  周仙红  庄乾营  门兴元  李丽莉* 《江西植保》2013,(1):95-99

二点委夜蛾[Proxenus lepigone（Moschler）]是夏玉米苗上的新害虫,本研究综述二点委夜蛾的生物学习性、饲养技术、预测防治技术等方面研究现状,讨论二点委夜蛾迁飞的可能性,并为今后对二点委夜蛾的深入研究提出建议。  相似文献   

绿竹两种链蚧的综合防治试验     

詹祖仁 《江西植保》2013,(3):329-333

密竹链蚧、绿竹链蚧是绿竹的主要害虫,为有效防治这两种害虫,选用不同的方法进行防治,研究表明:对危害绿竹的密竹链蚧、绿竹链蚧两种害虫的林间化学防治应以高效氯氰菊酯与敌敌畏、乐果、啶虫脒的混配剂或单一药剂注射防治为好;林业措施防治中,抚育间伐、施肥培土、抚育间伐+施肥培土、人工刮除等4种措施效果都较好,在生产中因地制宜加以组合利用,可有效控制害虫发生;保护、助迁和利用绿竹林中丰富的各种自然天敌进行生物防治,对害虫抑制作用明显。  相似文献   

Insect Pests     

Ivan Cruz  Maria de Lourdes Corrêa Figueiredo  Rafael Braga da Silva  Ivana Fernandes da Silva  Cristiane deSouza Paula  John E. Foster 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):83-87

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major pest of maize and frequently demands control measures. The timing of insecticide application is a key factor in determining its efficiency, so an experiment was designed to investigate this. Application of insecticide was based on three criteria: (i) the number of trap-caught moths in a Delta-type trap with a commercial sex pheromone lure placed in the center of the target area, soon after plant emergence; (ii) the percentage of plants exhibiting pinhole-type damage (10% or 20%) and (iii) the percentage of plants exhibiting shot hole-type damage (10% or 20%) compared to a check plot without any control measures. We found that the number of trap-caught moths was, compared to the other methods, the best means of deciding on insecticide application in maize to control the fall armyworm. Using pheromone traps, we obtained the best performance of the insecticide Spinosad, causing >90% larval mortality. Without insecticide application, maize yield reduction due to fall armyworm larva damage was 39%.  相似文献   

Integrated management of late leaf spot and rust diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with Prosopis juliflora leaf extract and chlorothalonil     

G. Krishna Kishore  Suresh Pande 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):325-332

Abstract

Late leaf spot (LLS, Phaeoisariopsis personata) and rust (Puccinia arachidis) are the two major biotic constraints of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) of global importance. To identify economic and eco-friendly disease management options, we evaluated extracts of 38 plant spp. of 23 families, for their antifungal activity. Aqueous leaf extracts (20%, w/v) of Prosopis juliflora and Lycopersicon esculentum completely inhibited the in vitro germination of P. personata and P. arachidis, and extracts of Achras sapota, Cyamposis tetragonolobus, Piper betle and Tagetus patula were inhibitory by >95%. In the greenhouse, the severity of LLS and rust corresponded with the time interval between the foliar application of leaf extract and fungal inoculum. Extract of P. juliflora (2%, w/v) in simultaneous application reduced the lesion frequency of LLS and rust by ～75%, and 35.7% and 50.7% in a prophylactic spray of 96 h before the pathogen inoculation. The extract had no effect on the phenolic content of groundnut leaves both during LLS and rust infections. In the field, P. juliflora extract applied four times at 15-day intervals, was effective against LLS and rust up to 95 days after sowing (d.a.s.). Foliar application of P. juliflora extract at 45, 75 and 90 d.a.s. and chlorothalonil at 60 d.a.s. effectively reduced foliar diseases severity and increased the pod yields by 81–98%. This study identified P. juliflora extract as a significant component for the integrated management of groundnut foliar diseases.  相似文献   

高含固率秸秆和牛粪混合物料发酵产甲烷工艺   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

马旭光  李传友  袁旭峰  朱万斌  王小芬  程序  崔宗均 《农业工程学报》2014,30(14):227-235

该研究针对高含固率纤维质物料难以连续厌氧发酵、甲烷产率低的问题,利用所研制的一套能连续进出料、具有高有机负荷承载力的新型反应器,以玉米秸秆和牛粪为原料,通过调控搅拌强度和投料强度在反应器内建立了"分区发酵"体系,比较了3种高含固率(10%、15%和20%)物料在不同有机负荷下的甲烷容积产率,系统研究了物料含固率、搅拌强度和投料强度对"分区发酵"体系形成功能分区的高度、各功能区的pH值和甲烷容积产率的影响,旨在为纤维质物料产甲烷提供高效的发酵工艺和可靠的运行参数。结果表明,含固率为10%和15%的反应器,甲烷容积产率随有机负荷的增加而增加,平均甲烷体积分数稳定在52%左右,二者在有机负荷分别为13.44和20.17 kg/(m3·d)时,甲烷容积产率最高,分别为1.62和1.66 m3/(m3·d),在有机负荷分别为20.17和30.0 kg/(m3·d)时,甲烷产量明显下降;含固率为20%的反应器,甲烷容积产率随有机负荷的增加基本保持不变且较低(0.98 m3/(m3·d)),当有机负荷达到30.0 kg/(m3·d)时,发酵体系酸败,甲烷产量明显下降。双因素优化结果表明,当物料含固率为10%和15%、搅拌强度为6~12 h/d、投料强度为6.5~10 d时,发酵体系可形成高效的酸化区和产甲烷区,二者的高度之比为1.1~1.6:1,甲烷容积产率可达1.63~1.69 m3/(m3·d)。综上,该反应器可实现含固率为10%~20%的纤维质物料连续进出料,并在含固率为10%和15%时能高效、稳定地产甲烷,通过调控搅拌强度和进料强度能提高其甲烷容积产率。该发酵工艺有规模化应用的前景。  相似文献