Moderate sheep grazing in semiarid shrubland alters small-scale soil surface structure and patch properties     

Carly Golodets  Bertrand Boeken   《CATENA》2006,65(3):351

We investigated whether long-term moderate livestock grazing by sheep (ca. 10 animal unit days/ha) in a semiarid shrubland with a long-term average annual rainfall of 200 mm causes changes in soil surface structure and dimensions of shrub and intershrub patches. We examined grazing-induced changes in landscape patchiness, patch structure, and soil moisture in three grazed and three ungrazed plots of 4 m × 4 m on a south-facing slope and the opposite, more productive north-facing slope. The measurements were done in early spring 2001 and 2002 before grazing started, in two surveys, one using two parallel transects and one using sample quadrats of 20 cm × 30 cm under three shrubs per plot and on an adjacent part of the intershrub matrix. On the north-facing slope, the sheep reduced shrub patch size as they trampled the soil mounds under the shrubs and browsed the shrub canopy. Reduced shrub patch size decreases the area and resources available for plant production. On the south-facing slope, the sheep mainly disrupted the soil crust in the intershrub area. This may increase soil erosion, but also seedling establishment. The contrast in impacts on the two slopes is due to the interaction between environment (productivity, exposure and vegetation) and sheep behavior (herbivory and trampling). On both slopes, the changes due to grazing are significant, though small. Changes in patch size and properties induced by moderate grazing can have positive and negative effects on productivity and diversity, but may also be viewed as early signs of landscape degradation as is often caused by heavy grazing.  相似文献   

樟树人工林生态系统的水分生态效应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈书军  田大伦  闫文德  康文星 《水土保持学报》2006,20(1):10-14

对樟树人工林生态系统的大气降水、树干茎流、穿透水、林内地表径流、地下径流中N、P、SiO2、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn共1O种养分元素含量进行了测定。结果表明：不同月份大气降水养分元素含量不同，各元素各月平均含量按大小排序为Ca〉SiO2〉Zn〉NH4-N〉K〉NO3-N〉Fe〉Mg〉Mn〉P〉Cu。大气降水经过林冠层后，树干茎流、林内穿透水中各养分元素含量变化基本一致，均表现季节动态变化．大多数元素含量增加。树干茎流中各元素含量按大小排序为K〉Ca〉NH4-N〉SiO2〉Mg〉NO3-N〉Zn〉Mn〉Fe〉P〉Cu；林内穿透水中各元素含量按大小排序为Ca〉K〉Zn〉SiO2〉NH4-N〉NO3-N〉Mg〉Mn〉Fe〉P〉Cu。树干茎流中SiO2、Fe、Zn，穿透水中Fe为负淋溶．其余各元素浓度有所增加，在这2项中，除NH4-N、K外，树干茎流中NO3-N、P、SiO2、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn养分元素的富集作用均小于穿透水。  相似文献   

Impact of organic fertilisation on lettuce biomass production according to the cultivation duration in tropical soils     

Falilou Diallo  Dominique Masse  Karamoko Diarra  Frédéric Feder 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2020,70(3):215-223

ABSTRACT

The productivity levels of two arenosol (Ar40) and fluvisol (FL40) fields that had been cultivated for over 40 years were compared to that of fields with the same soils located nearby but never previously cultivated, i.e. Ar0 and FL0, respectively. Application of poultry manure (PM) and sewage sludge (SS) were compared to a mineral fertilizer (T100), corresponding to 100 kg/ha of nitrogen, over three lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crop cycles. PM and SS were applied at 50 and 150 kg/ha nitrogen equivalent fertilizer doses. Biomass production levels in the organic and mineral treatments were similar, except for the SS-50 for FL0 and the PM-150 for Ar40, FL40 and FL0. Biomass production levels of Ar40 were higher than those of Ar0 for the first cycle. In the initial state, the soil P content in Ar40 was higher than that of the Ar0 soil. With the treatment repetition, Ar0 showed the same production level as Ar40. For the fluvisols, biomass production levels of FL40 were lower than those of FL0 for the first cycle. Indeed, the initial nitrate content in FL40 was lower than in FL0. The biomass production levels of FL40 were higher than those of FL0 for the following cycles.  相似文献   

基于“高分一号”遥感影像反演华南地区亚热带典型作物冠层SPAD   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄汝根  刘振华  胡月明  肖北生 《华南农业大学学报》2015,36(4):105-111

【目的】以广州市增城试验基地为例,探索国产高分卫星影像数据在反演华南地区亚热带典型作物冠层叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）的应用.【方法】根据2013年10月1日“高分一号”影像数据和相应的亚热带典型作物的实测数据,建立植被指数与典型作物冠层SPAD之间的关系模型,并分别探讨9种植被指数与SPAD之间线性和非线性关系,以便获得最佳的植被指数和相应的回归模型反演华南地区亚热带作物冠层叶绿素相对含量.【结果和结论】7种植被指数均与亚热带典型作物冠层SPAD有极显著的相关性,其中比值植被指数（RVI）相关性最好,其次是差值植被指数（DVI）.经分析,RVI的指数回归模型Y=31.445e^0.141X（R² =0.889）是反演亚热带典型作物冠层SPAD的最佳回归模型,实际拟合精度达92.75%,故使用该回归模型估测研究区内大范围亚热带典型作物冠层SPAD是可行的.  相似文献   

结球莴苣光合特性研究   总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14  

徐坤  康立美 《园艺学报》1995,22(4):363-366

研究了春季日光温室条件下结球莴苣的光合特性。测定结果表明，结球莴苣光合速率以结球前期＞莲座期＞结球后期＞幼苗期；中位叶＞下位叶＞上位叶；光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线，未表现午休现象。通过测定光合速率对光强及ＣＯ２浓度的响应，应用计算机模拟求得结球莴苣的光补偿点为３８．３８μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１、光饱和点８５１．１μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１，ＣＯ２的补偿点为５６．６７μＬ·Ｌ－１、ＣＯ２的饱和点为１３７６．６μＬ·Ｌ－１。  相似文献   

蜀柏毒蛾卵与初龄幼虫种群株内分布规律的研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

隆孝雄  刘良才 《四川林业科技》1992,13(4):29-32

本文对蜀柏毒哦1年2代的卵期与初龄幼虫期在单株上分布规律进行探讨。调查各向各层的种群数量,分析它们与全株数量的相关关系。经方差分析与r值检验,两代卵和初龄幼虫对不同树冠方向的分配比例无显著性差异,而对不同冠层则有极显著性差异,卵集中于中下层,幼虫则集中于上中层;各树冠方向各冠层种群数量与全株数量直线相关极显著。  相似文献   

Importance of water loss in the chilling injury of grapefruit stored at low temperature     

Albert C. Purvis 《Scientia Horticulturae》1984,23(3):261-267

Differences in chilling injury susceptibility of grapefruit from exterior and interior tree canopy positions were used to investigate the hypothesis that water loss is related to chilling injury symptom development during low-temperature storage. The sun-exposed surface of grapefruit from exterior canopy positions was more susceptible to chilling injury and had lower diffusive resistance than the shaded surface of the same fruit. Reducing the rate of fruit transpiration during the first week of storage by a pre-cooling treatment prior to low-temperature storage delayed, but did not eliminate, the development of chilling injury.  相似文献   

紧凑型玉米不同群体的冠层特征和物质生产关系的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

鲍巨松  薛吉全  郝引川  杨成书  胡小平 《西北农业学报》1992,1(2):25-29

研究结果表明,紧凑型玉米掖单13号随着密度群体和肥力水平的增加,茎叶夹角变小,叶向值增大,群体干物质生产率增加。全生育期平均干物质生产率与产量密切相关(r=0.9323^**)。群体干物质生产率吐丝前和吐丝后30～45天,受群体光合势的影响较大,而吐丝后15～45天受群体净同化率的影响较大。要获得高产,必须争取冠层的早形成和延长功能叶片的寿命,以提高和保持后期较高的净同化率。  相似文献   

Reduced Tillering Spring Wheats for Heavy Textured Soils in a Semi-arid Mediterranean Environment     

I. A. M. Yunusa  R. H. Sedgley 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1992,168(3):159-168

Low tillering lines of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), were evaluated for their ability to conform to a high yielding ideotype in a dryland environment with spring drought. The ideotype was based on a concept of saving water as a result of reduced canopy development before anthesis; this should improve moisture supply for grain filling, thus reducing the effect of drought.
Five genotypes were compared under two nitrogen (N) levels, and at similar plant densities, at a site in the drier wheatbelt area of southwestern Australia. The genotypes formed three tillering groups based on the maximum number of culms produced: a free tillering group (G1), which included the standard cultivar Gamenya , with 4.3 culms per plant, an intermediate tillering group (G2) with 3.2 culms per plant, and a low ullenng group (G3) with 2.4 culms per plant.
Leaf area indices (LAI) were strongly affected by N but this was not reflected in total water use and biological yield. However, water was prematurely depleted before anthesis as a result of rapid early leaf development in response to N, and this reduced grain yield. Reduced tillering produced no significant increase in gram yield over the controls; fewer tillers per plant failed to suppress LAI development and water-use before anthesis because of a compensating increase in LAI; this resulted from a greater leaf size in the reduced tillering lines. Hence the low tillering lines did not fully conform to the requirements of the ideotype.
The development of low tillering lines is seen as a significant advance towards the ideotype; with yields comparable to commercial cultivars grown in the region, their performance indicates a potential for substantially higher yields if compensating increases in leaf development can be suppressed.  相似文献   

Reduction in weed seedling emergence by pathogens following the incorporation of green crop residue     

C L MOHLER  C DYKEMAN  E B NELSON  A DITOMMASO 《Weed Research》2012,52(5):467-477

  相似文献