中国大陆地区基于太阳辐射经验值计算ET₀的适用性研究     

夏兴生  朱秀芳  潘耀忠  张锦水 《干旱地区农业研究》2019,37(6):221-230

太阳辐射是利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(PM)公式计算参考作物需水量(ET_0)的必要参数。为了探究PM公式在辐射数据缺失的条件下,利用FAO推荐的公式及参数获得太阳辐射值(R_(s_c))替代观测值(R_(s_o))在中国大陆地区的适用性,本研究选用了中国大陆112个站点至少15 a的多年月平均观测数据,通过逐点计算分析了R_(s_c)和R_(s_o)的时空差异及二者分别输入PM公式获得的参考作物需水量ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)的时空差异。结果表明,R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)存在显著的时空差异性,二者相对差值范围为-2.86～4.41 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1),且在4—8月份差异较大;大致以"胡焕庸线"为界,线西北区域R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)的时空差异相对较小,且稳定,线东南区域的时空差异较大,且不稳定。但是,基于二者计算的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)时空差异却不显著,平均只有0.06～0.26 mm·d~(-1)的误差;"胡焕庸线"西北地区的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)绝对差值常年稳定在0.00～0.25 mm·d~(-1),"胡焕庸线"线东南地区则随季节而变化,夏季差异相对较大。在实际的应用中,西北地区全年和北方地区春、秋、冬三季以及长江、珠江流域所覆盖的南方地区在1、2、10、11、12月使用R_(s_c)替代R_(s_o)获得ET_0具有较好的适用性,北方地区的夏季、南方地区的3—9月份使用R_(s_c)计算ET_0则必须研究相应的方法对结果进行矫正,否则会有误差,且偏大。  相似文献   

基于无人机遥感影像的玉米冠层温度提取及作物水分胁迫监测   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

张智韬  于广多  吴天奎  张誉馨  白旭乾  杨帅  周永财 《农业工程学报》2021,37(23):82-89

针对当前无人机热红外遥感提取冠层温度不准确、监测作物水分胁迫状况精度不高的问题,该研究以不同水分处理的拔节期夏玉米为研究对象,利用无人机获取试验区域热红外和可见光图像资料,分别采用Otsu算法、EXG-Kmeans算法和Otsu-EXG-Kmeans算法获取冠层区域图像,并对提取结果进行精度评价,而后采用最优算法求得对应作物水分胁迫指数（Crop Water Stress Index,CWSI）,通过分析CWSI同土壤含水率相关关系以及CWSI日平均变化趋势来监测玉米水分亏缺状况。结果表明：1）相比于其他方法,Otsu-EXG-Kmeans算法对冠层温度提取精度更高（用户精度为95.9%）,提取的冠层温度更接近实测温度（r=0.788）,可以准确获取图像冠层温度。2）相比于冠层温度,CWSI与土壤含水率的相关性更高（r= -0.738）,CWSI日平均变化趋势更符合实际情况,可更加精确地监测玉米缺水状况。该研究为无人机遥感精准监测作物水分胁迫状况提供参考。  相似文献   

喷灌均匀性和灌水量对冬小麦冠层下水量分配的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

李红  郭鑫  陈瑞  王剑 《农业工程学报》2021,37(24):102-111

为研究冬小麦冠层对喷灌水量的再分配规律,探讨不同灌水量下喷灌均匀性对土壤含水率空间分布、冬小麦生长状况及产量的影响,于2020-2021年在常州市金坛区开展了冬小麦田间喷灌试验。该试验依据作物需水量设置3个灌水量（充分灌溉、2/3需水量、1/3需水量）处理和2个喷灌均匀性（高：75%、低：55%）处理,通过冠层上、下雨量筒和自制的茎流收集器测量喷灌水量分布,并对喷灌后的土壤含水率（Soil Water Content,SWC）、冬小麦生长状况及产量的空间分布进行了监测。结果表明,冠层上喷灌均匀性比冠层下高约1.5%。喷灌水经冬小麦冠层再分配后所形成的棵间穿透流量、茎秆流量以及冠下喷灌损失分别占冠层上部水量的56.0%～73.9%、25.0%～37.0%和2.5%～12.7%。冠下穿透流率和茎秆流率与冬小麦的冠层特征（叶面积指数、株高）极显著相关（P<0.01）,而受喷灌均匀性和灌水量的影响较小。茎秆流率变异系数高于穿透流率变异系数。喷灌后24 h,0～20 cm深度土壤水分的变化与冬小麦产量及产量变异系数显著相关（P<0.05）。低喷灌均匀性会导致区域性缺水（SWC<65%田间持水量）,引发小范围减产,产量变异系数增大,减少灌水量则会加剧这一现象,冬小麦显著减产,灌水量对产量的影响占主导作用。该研究可为冬小麦的喷灌设计提供理论依据。  相似文献   

RESPONSE OF WHEAT COMPOSITE CROSS POPULATIONS TO DISEASE AND CLIMATE VARIATION OVER 13 GENERATIONS     

Odette Denise WEEDON  Maria Renate FINCKH 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2021,8(3):400-415

• Agronomic performance of wheat populations comparable to modern cultivars.• Performance of populations depends on parental cultivar selection.• Agronomic advantage of populations under particular environmental stresses.• Heterogeneous populations better suited to low-input conditions.Since the F₅ (2005), three winter wheat composite cross populations (CCPs) based on germplasm specifically suitable for low-input conditions were subjected to natural selection under organic and conventional management. In the F₆, each CCP was divided into two parallel populations (12 CCPs in total) and maintained continuously until 2018. Commonly used modern cultivars with different disease susceptibilities were grown alongside to assess the agronomic performance of the CCPs. The organically managed CCPs were comparable in yield and foliar disease resistance to two continuously used reference cultivars, Achat and Capo. In contrast, under conventional management the cv. Capo outyielded the CCPs (Achat was not tested), highlighting the importance of parental cultivar choice for specific management systems. The CCPs were found to be moderately resistant to brown rust and even to the newly emerged stripe rust races prevalent in Europe since 2011. Differences between the CCPs were mainly due to parental genetic background and were significant in the first five generations, but were no longer so in the last five generations. In addition, these differences tended to vary depending on the experimental year and the environmental stresses present. In conclusion, the CCPs despite being derived from older cultivars are able to compete with more recently released reference cultivars under organic farming practices and represent a dynamic germplasm resource.  相似文献   

流式细胞术在农业研究领域中的应用     

王蕾  罗帝洲  邓紫璇  莫敏莹  张健玲  苏颖辉  房元杰  张晓爱 《广东农业科学》2022,49(11):66-73

流式细胞术是一种对悬浮于流体中的微小颗粒进行计数和分选的生物学技术,基于流式细胞仪通过检测散射或者偶联荧光信号快速、准确、客观、高通量获得悬浮微粒（通常是细胞、细菌等微小颗粒）一系列重要的生物物理、生物化学相关特征参量,可以根据预选的参量范围对细胞、细菌等微小颗粒进行自动分析和对特定群体进行分选。流式细胞术在许多科学领域特别是生物技术和医学领域应用广泛,虽然在农业研究中的应用开始得比较晚,但目前已取得巨大进展。随着流式细胞仪性能的不断提高,标记方法和检测技术的不断开发与完善,流式细胞术的应用前景将越来越广阔,在农业领域也将发挥越来越重要的作用。介绍了流式细胞术的工作原理和流式细胞仪功能分类,综述了流式细胞术在农业研究领域中的应用,如对农作物基因组和原生质体分析以及抗逆研究,对动物免疫、微量元素分析、精子质量和性别控制以及毒素毒性分析,对病原菌和病毒分析研究等方面的应用和研究进展,展望该研究领域的发展前景,为流式细胞术在农业领域的潜在应用提供新的思考方向。  相似文献   

A comparison of the fatty acid profiles of adult tissues,and newly hatched,fed and starved Lysmata amboinensis larvae     

Vasiliki Tziouveli  Greg G Smith 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(4):577-587

This study evaluated the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and tail muscle of Lysmata amboinensis broodstock, as well as newly hatched larvae subjected to a period of starvation or feed from hatch to Zoea 2. The hepatopancreas had a high lipid content, confirming its role as a process and storage organ in L. amboinensis. Lipids were also a major component of ovarian dry weight, in agreement with reports on other crustaceans during maturation. The tail muscle, being a functional rather than a storage organ, contained low total lipids and was the tissue that closely resembled the FA profile of the newly hatched larvae. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were the most abundant components of the lipid profiles in broodstock and larvae. The HUFAs docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic were preferentially retained during nutritional stress, confirming their importance for marine cleaner shrimp during early larval development. It appeared polyunsaturated fatty acid and HUFA requirements were met through the larval diet. The SFAs stearic and palmitic were abundant in adult tissues and larvae, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids may have been preferentially catabolized to meet energetic and metabolic larval requirements.  相似文献   

Early flower initiation allows ample manipulation of flowering time in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)     

L. Soler  J. Cuevas 《Scientia Horticulturae》2009

Flower initiation date and readiness to flowering in buds of different age were studied in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya (Annona cherimola) cultivar in order to establish the limits for the manipulation of its flowering date. Flower initiation was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) collecting axillary buds from May to the following February, whereas the bud readiness to produce perfect flowers was determined by forcing buds of different age to sprout by means of leaf removal and tipping the new growth. SEM images confirm that cherimoya buds are differentiated into flowers almost a year before blooming. In this regard, axillary buds have already formed the sepals when the subtending leaf has just begun unfolding (week 0), while the petals are clearly visible in 1-week-old buds. Sectioning of paraffin-embedded buds illustrate that cherimoya buds are in fact a bud complex that 1 week after its inception comprises 4–5 buds of different size of which the two largest ones are reproductive, while the 2–3 smallest buds often remain undifferentiated at that time. The high capacity of flowering expressed by young buds that have been forced to grow proves that cherimoya meristems are early competent for flowering. No differences in fertility or in the time needed to reach anthesis after leaf removal were found among buds of different ages. Node position had no effect on bud break and flowering potential. The early flower initiation in cherimoya deduced from this work opens a wide temporal window for the experimental manipulation of flowering and harvest dates in this crop.  相似文献   

Water use of spring wheat to raise water productivity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. López-Urrea  A. Montoro  P. López-Fuster 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(9):1305-1310

In semi-arid environments with a shortage of water resources and a risk of overexplotation of water supplies, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crop that can reduce water use and increase water productivity, because it takes advantage of spring rainfall and is harvested before the evaporative demands of summer. We carried out an experiment in 2003 at “Las Tiesas” farm, located between Barrax and Albacete (Central Spain), to improve accuracy in the estimation of wheat evapotranspiration (ETc) by using a weighing lysimeter. The measured seasonal ETc averages (5.63 mm day⁻¹) measured in the lysimeter was 417 mm compared to the calculated ETc values (5.31 mm day⁻¹) calculated with the standard FAO methodology of 393 mm. The evapotranspiration crop coefficient (Kc) derived from lysimetric measurements was Kc-mid: 1.20 and Kc-end: 0.15. The daily lysimeter Kc values were fit to the evolution linearly related to the green cover fraction (fc), which follows the crop development pattern. Seasonal soil evaporation was estimated as 135 mm and the basal crop coefficient approach was calculated in this study, Kcb which separates crop transpiration from soil evaporation (evaporation coefficient, Ke) was calculated and related to the green cover fraction (fc) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by field radiometry in case of wheat. The results obtained by this research will permit the reduction of water use and improvement of water productivity for wheat, which is of vital importance in areas of limited water resources.  相似文献   

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M. Gallardo  J.S. Rodríguez  M.D. Fernández  J.J. Magán 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(12):1773-1784

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.  相似文献   

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat     

Jonghan Ko  Giovanni Piccinni  Thomas Marek 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(12):1691-1697

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.  相似文献