社群丰容对圈养小熊猫区域分配的影响     

社群丰容对圈养小熊猫区域分配的影响 《畜牧与饲料科学》2019,40(12):10-14

为探索社群丰容对重庆动物园圈养小熊猫行为区域分配的影响,2014年1月—2015年2月,用目标动物取样法对比观察春季、夏季、秋季、冬季社群丰容前后圈养小熊猫区域分配。结果表明:社群丰容增加了小熊猫对栖架、树上的利用,减少了内室和裸露地面和近游客区域的利用。树上利用的最大占比值在夏季,丰容增加了11.1%;栖架的利用最大占比值在春季,丰容增加了2.8%;冬季对内室的利用占比值最高,丰容后,其利用占比减少了8.4%,从而相应增加了小熊猫户外停留时间;丰容后,小熊猫对裸露地面的最大利用占比值减少了3.7%,近游客区域最大占比值减少了5.6%。小熊猫对六大区域的最高利用占比,丰容前后没有变化,最高为树上,最少为裸露地面。  相似文献   

Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in agricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient     

《Applied soil ecology》2014

Soil functions can be classified as supporting (nutrient cycling) and provisioning (crop production) ecosystem services (ES). These services consist of multiple and dynamic functions and are typically assessed using indicators, e.g. microbial biomass as an indicator of supporting services. Agricultural intensification negatively affects indicators of soil functions and is therefore considered to deplete soil ES. It has been suggested that incorporating leys into crop rotations can enhance soil ES. We examined this by comparing indicators of supporting soil services – organic carbon, nitrogen, water holding capacity and available phosphorous (carbon storage and nutrient retention); net nitrogen mineralisation rate and microbial biomass (nutrient cycling and retention) – in barley fields, leys and permanent pastures along a landscape heterogeneity gradient (100, 500 and 1000 m radii). In addition, barley yields (provisioning service) were analysed against these indicators to identify trade-offs among soil services. Levels of most indicators did not differ between barley and ley fields and were consistently lower than in permanent pastures. Leys supported greater microbial biomass than barley fields. Landscape heterogeneity had no effect on the indicators or microbial community composition. However, landscape heterogeneity correlated negatively with yield and soil pH, suggesting that soils in heterogeneous landscapes are less fertile and therefore have lower yields. No trade-offs were found between increasing barley yield and the soil indicators. The results suggest that soil ES are determined at the field level, with little influence from the surrounding landscape, and that greater crop yields do not necessarily come at the expense of supporting soil services.  相似文献   

Vineyard soil bacterial diversity and composition revealed by 16S rRNA genes: Differentiation by geographic features     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2015

Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the <53 μm and 53–250 μm soil fractions offers support for the role of bacterial community structure rather than individual taxa on fine soil organic matter content. We reason that AVA, climate, and topography each affect soil microbial communities through their suite of impacts on soil properties. The identification of distinctive soil microbial communities associated with a given AVA lends support to the idea that soil microbial communities form a key in linking wine terroir back to the biotic components of the soil environment, suggesting that the relationship between soil microbial communities and wine terroir should be examined further.  相似文献   

内蒙古岩画中的动物群落结构及其生态环境的研究——以阴山和乌兰察布两地岩画对比研究为例     

童永生  惠富平 《干旱区资源与环境》2011,(11):138-144

动物岩画是内蒙古地区古代动物的图解,通过岩画中的动物群落结构对比,可以推测相同地域范围内,不同时期的动物分布情况,进而推断当地的自然环境变迁的过程。  相似文献   

Response of the soil fungal community to multi-factor environmental changes in a temperate forest     

《Applied soil ecology》2014

Both environmental and climatic changes are known to influence soil microbial biomes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are limited data defining the interactive effects of multi-factor environmental disturbances, including N-deposition, precipitation, and air temperature, on soil fungal communities in temperate forests. A 3-year outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the temporal shifts of soil fungal communities in a temperate forest following N-addition, precipitation and air temperature changes. The shifts in the structure and composition of soil fungal communities were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. N-addition regimen induced significant alterations in the composition of soil fungal communities, and this effect was different at both higher and lower altitudes. The response of the soil fungal community to N-addition was much stronger in precipitation-reduced soils compared to soils experiencing enhanced precipitation. The combined treatment of N-addition and reduced precipitation caused more pronounced changes in the lower altitude versus those in the higher one. Certain fungal species in the subphylum Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina distinctively responded to N fertilization and soil water control at both altitudes. Redundancy discrimination analysis showed that changes in environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties explained 43.7% of the total variability in the soil fungal community at this forest ecosystem. Variations in the soil fungal community were significantly related to the altitude, soil temperature, total soil N content (TN) and pH value (P < 0.05). We present evidence for the interactive effects of N-addition, water manipulation and air temperature to reshape soil fungal communities in the temperate forest. Our data could provide new insights into predicting the response of soil micro-ecosystem to climatic changes.  相似文献   

白三叶返园对苹果园土壤微生物群落的影响     

魏倩倩  杨文权  韩明玉  慕小倩  寇建村 《草业科学》2016,33(3):385-392

为了解苹果(Malus pumila)园中覆盖和埋置白三叶(Trifolium repens)对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用尼龙袋法将新鲜的白三叶覆盖和埋置到苹果园中,分别在白三叶降解1、3、6个月时,利用Biolog微平板法检测土壤微生物群落的功能多样性。结果表明,覆盖和埋置白三叶均可使苹果园土壤微生物代谢活性显著提高(P0.05),微生物的多样性除6个月外显著增加、丰富度显著增加,均匀度显著降低(P0.05),群落结构发生变化,且覆草处理大于埋草,同时,白三叶降解时间的长短也影响土壤微生物群落。土壤微生物群落主成分分析结果显示,不同返园方式间主要对羧酸类碳源的利用有差异,而导致不同降解时间土壤微生物群落代谢差异的主要是糖类。说明在苹果园覆盖和埋置白三叶可改变土壤微生物群落,而覆盖白三叶对微生物群落结构的改善情况显著优于埋置白三叶。  相似文献   

Analysis of Inter-Individual Bacterial Variation in Gut of Cicada Meimuna mongolica (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)     

Wenting Zhou  Xiaoning Nan  Zhou Zheng  Cong Wei  Hong He 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)

Intestinal bacterial community plays a crucial role in the nutrition, development, survival, and reproduction of insects. When compared with other insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, the habitats of cicada nymphs and adults are totally different. However, little is known about the differences in the gut bacterial communities in the nymphs and adults within any cicada species. The diversity of bacteria in the gut of nymphs and adults of both genders of Meimuna mongolica (Distant) was studied using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method. Few inter-individual variations among gut microbiota were observed, suggesting that M. mongolica typically harbors a limited and consistent suite of bacterial species. Bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were the predominant components of the gut microflora of M. mongolica at all life stages. Bacteria of Pantoea, Streptococcus, and Uruburuella were also widespread in the cicada samples but at relatively lower concentrations. The relative stability and similarity of the PCR-DGGE patterns indicate that all individuals of this cicada species harbor a characteristic bacterial community which is independent from developmental stages and genders. Related endosymbionts that could be harbored in bacteromes of cicadas were not detected in any gut samples, which could be related to the cicada species and the distribution of these endosymbionts in the cicada cavity, or due to some of the possible limitations of PCR-DGGE community profiling. It is worthwhile to further address if related cicada endosymbiont clades distribute in the alimentary canals and other internal organs through diagnostic PCR using group-specific primer sets.  相似文献   

Responses of soil nematode community structure to soil carbon changes due to different tillage and cover crop management practices over a nine-year period in Kanto,Japan     

《Applied soil ecology》2015

The response of the soil food web structure to soil quality changes during long-term anthropogenic disturbance due to farming practices has not been well studied. We evaluated the effects of three tillage systems: moldboard plow/rotary harrow (MP), rotary cultivator (RC), and no-tillage (NT), three winter cover-crop types (fallow, FL; rye, RY; and hairy vetch, HV), and two nitrogen fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ for upland rice, and 0 and 20 kg N ha⁻¹ for soybean production) on changes in nematode community structure. Sixty-nine taxa were counted, total nematode abundance (ALL), bacterial feeders (BAC), predators (PRD), omnivores (OMN), and obligatory root feeders (ORF) were more abundant in NT than in MP and RC, but fungal feeders and facultative root feeders (FFR) were more abundant in RC than in NT and MP. Cover crop also influenced nematode community structure; rye and hairy vetch were always higher in ALL, BAC, FFR, ORF, and OMN than fallow. Seasonal changes in nematode community structure were also significant; in particular, as soil carbon increased, nematode abundance also increased. The relationship between nematode indices and soil carbon was significant only in NT, but not in MP and RC. In NT, with increasing soil carbon, enrichment index and structure index (SI) were positive and significant and channel index was negative. Bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with FFR and ORF. Seasonal difference in nematode community between summer and autumn was larger in an upland rice rotation than in a soybean rotation. Over the nine-year experiment, SI increased not only in NT but also in MP and RC, suggesting that repeated similar tillage inversions in agroecosystems may develop nematode community structures adapted to specific soil environmental conditions. Because NT showed the highest values of both SI and soil carbon, the increase of soil carbon in NT is expected to have a great impact on developing a more diverse nematode community structure.  相似文献   

抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响     

乔恒鑫  轩松 《中国饲料》2021,1(7):68-71

为分析抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响,试验选择体重相近的21日龄白羽肉鸡600只,随机分成4组,每组15个重复,每个重复10只,1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3、4组在基础日粮中分别添加1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的抗菌肽粗提物,试验期为21 d。结果表明：（1）试验2、3、4组的平均采食均高于1组（P > 0.05）|试验3、4组的平均日增重较1组比分别提高11.0%、9.4%（P ＜ 0.05）,料重比较1组比分别降低18.5%、15.2% （P ＜ 0.05）|（2）试验3、4组粪便中大肠杆菌的含量较1组分别降低14.3%、18.0%（P ＜ 0.05）,试验3、4组粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的含量较1组比分别提高4.6%、6.7%、14.5%、12.3%（P ＜ 0.05）|（3）试验3、4组每只肉鸡经济效益较1组比分别提高19.3%、17.7%。综上,1.5%抗菌肽粗提物添加可以提高白羽肉鸡生长性能,改善粪便微生物菌群结构,提高其经济效益。 [关键词] 抗菌肽粗提物|白羽肉鸡|生长性能|粪便微生物菌群结构|经济效益  相似文献   

火烧后亚高山草甸恢复过程中物种组成和群落特征变化规律的研究     

常明 《草地学报》2021,29(6):1286-1293

为了解火烧对植物群落结构和植被恢复速度的影响,本研究以甘肃省皇城羊场亚高山草甸为研究对象,于2017年5月进行了火烧试验,并分别在2017,2018及2019年的5月（返青期）、7月（生长期）和9月（生长末期）测量了该区域火烧样地和原生样地的植被覆盖度、群落多样性和裸地百分比等指标。结果表明：2019年5月后火烧样地与原生样地间植物群落多样性指数（Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数）间差异不显著;火烧后引起的植物结构变化是短暂的,并随着时间的推移逐渐减少甚至消失,恢复时间大约16个月左右;同时火烧改变了物种组成,其中在火烧样地中甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）和锐果鸢尾（Iris goniocarpa）逐渐消失,而鳞叶龙胆（Gentiana squarrosa）和火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）逐渐出现。本研究说明春季火烧对亚高山草甸植物组成和结构有一定的调节作用,可作为亚高山草甸管理的有效措施。  相似文献