负载型纳米零价铁(nZVI)强化垂直流人工湿地反硝化作用研究     

林凡达  宋新山  赵志淼  赵雨枫  王宇晖  董国强  王勃迪 《农业环境科学学报》2017,36(11):2307-2313

通过在垂直流人工湿地缺氧反硝化区添加负载型纳米零价铁(n ZVI),分析不同负载型n ZVI投加量对反硝化的影响,研究不同进水C/N条件下负载型nZVI参与反硝化的效果。结果表明:投加负载型nZVI 4 g的人工湿地装置对硝氮去除效果最佳,当C/N为6、HRT=1 d、进水NO_3~--N为50 mg·L~(-1)时,其NO_3~--N去除率比未添加负载型n ZVI的人工湿地装置提高15%;随负载型n ZVI投加量的增加,人工湿地装置出水pH值和NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的浓度增加;在进水C/N为0、2、4、6的人工湿地装置中,其对NO_3~--N的去除率随C/N升高而升高;统计分析表明,进水C/N与负载型n ZVI投加量对人工湿地反硝化都具有显著影响,且两者具有协同作用,碳源的存在可以促进负载型nZVI参与人工湿地反硝化。  相似文献   

烹调方式对菠菜、芥蓝中维生素C、维生素K_1和类胡萝卜素的影响     

兰晓芳  王璐  范志红 《中国农业大学学报》2017,22(12):117-123

采用化学测定方法对汽蒸和水焯处理不同时间的菠菜和芥蓝中的维生素C、维生素K1和α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素含量进行研究。结果表明:1)维生素K1和叶黄素的烹调损失低于10%;2)维生素C在水焯处理后损失较大,在菠菜和芥蓝中的保存率分别为41.6%和61.7%;3)各营养素保存率均以汽蒸烹调更佳。短时汽蒸烹调处理时,无论脂溶性还是水溶性营养素保存率均较高,适宜作为绿叶蔬菜的少油烹调方法。  相似文献   

Hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattle          下载免费PDF全文

EM Parker  CP Gardiner  AE Kessell  AJ Parker 《Australian veterinary journal》2017,95(3):80-84

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二氧化碳升高与干旱对植物生理、土壤碳及土壤酶活的影响     

WANG Yuhui  YAN Denghu  WANG Junfeng  DING Yi  SONG Xinshan 《土壤圈》2017,27(5):846-855

Global climate models have indicated high probability of drought occurrences in the coming future decades due to the impacts of climate change caused by a mass release of CO2.Thus,climate change regarding elevated ambient CO2 and drought may consequently affect the growth of crops.In this study,plant physiology,soil carbon,and soil enzyme activities were measured to investigate the impacts of elevated CO2 and drought stress on a Stagnic Anthrosol planted with soybean (Glycine max).Treatments of two CO2 levels,three soil moisture levels,and two soil cover types were established.The results indicated that elevated CO2 and drought stress significantly affected plant physiology.The inhibition of plant physiology by drought stress was mediated via prompted photosynthesis and water use efficiency under elevated CO2 conditions.Elevated CO2 resulted in a longer retention time of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil,probably by improving the soil water effectiveness for organic decomposition and mineralization.Drought stress significantly decreased C:N ratio and microbial biomass carbon (MBC),but the interactive effects of drought stress and CO2 on them were not significant.Elevated CO2 induced an increase in invertase and catalase activities through stimulated plant root exudation.These results suggested that drought stress had significant negative impacts on plant physiology,soil carbon,and soil enzyme activities,whereas elevated CO2 and plant physiological feedbacks indirectly ameliorated these impacts.  相似文献   

Clay Addition to Sandy Soil——Influence of Clay Type and Size on Nutrient Availability in Sandy Soils Amended with Residues Differing in C/N ratio     

Shermeen TAHIR  Petra MARSCHNER 《土壤圈》2017,27(2):293-305

Addition of clay-rich subsoil to sandy soil results in heterogeneous soil with clay peds(2-mm) or finely ground( 2 mm) clay soil(FG), which may affect the nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of clay soil particle size(FG or peds)and properties on nutrient availability and organic C binding in sandy soil after addition of residues with low(young kikuyu grass,KG) or high(faba bean, FB) C/N ratio. Two clay soils with high and low smectite percentage, clay and exchangeable Fe and Al were added to a sandy soil at a rate of 20%(weight/weight) either as FG or peds. Over 45 d, available N and P as well as microbial biomass N and P concentrations and cumulative respiration were greater in soils with residues of KG than FB. For soils with KG residues,clay addition increased available N and initial microbial biomass C and N concentrations, but decreased cumulative respiration and P availability compared to sandy soil without clay. Differences in measured parameters between clay type and size were inconsistent and varied with time except the increase in total organic C in the 53 μm fraction during the experiment, which was greater for soils with FG than with peds. We concluded that the high exchangeable Fe and Al concentrations in the low-smectite clay soil can compensate a lower clay concentration and proportion of smectite with respect to binding of organic matter and nutrients.  相似文献   

土壤添加沼渣对温室气体排放及小麦生长的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Liliana PAMPILLÓN-GONZÁLEZ  Marco LUNA-GUIDO  Victor Manuel RUÍZ-VALDIVIEZO  Olivia FRANCO-HERNÁNDEZ  Fabián FERNÁNDEZ-LUQUE  NO  Octavio PAREDES-LÓPEZ  Gerardo HERNÁNDEZ  Luc DENDOOVEN 《土壤圈》2017,27(2):318-327

Digestate, the product obtained after anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production, is rich in plant nutrients and might be used to fertilize crops. Wheat(Triticum spp. L.) was fertilized with digestate, urea, or left unfertilized and cultivated in the greenhouse for 120 d. Emissions of greenhouse gasses(carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4), and nitrous oxide(N_2O)) were monitored and plant growth characteristics were determined at harvest. The digestate was characterized for heavy metals, pathogens, and C and N mineralization potential in an aerobic incubation experiment. No Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., or viable eggs of helminths were detected in the digested pig slurry, but the number of faecal coliforms was as high as 3.6 × 10~4colony-forming units(CFU) g-~(1)dry digestate. The concentrations of heavy metals did not surpass the upper limits established by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). After 28 d, 17% of the organic C(436 g kg~(-1)dry digestate) and 8% of the organic N(6.92 g kg~(-1)dry digestate)were mineralized. Emissions of CO_2 and CH_4 were not significantly affected by fertilization in the wheat-cultivated soil, but digestate significantly increased the cumulative N_2O emission by 5 times compared to the urea-amended soil and 63 times compared to the uncultivated unfertilized soil. It could be concluded that digestate was nutrient rich and low in heavy metals and pathogens, and did not affect emissions of CH_4 and CO_2 when applied to a soil cultivated with wheat, but increased emission of N_2O.  相似文献   

基于烧失量指数评估滨海沉积物中有机质特征     

Narong TOUCH  Tadashi HIBINO  Hiroki TAKATA  Satoshi YAMAJI 《土壤圈》2017,27(5):978-984

Understanding organic matter characteristics(e.g., amount and state) of sediments is necessary for evaluating both the sediment and water environments; however, methods that have been proposed to investigate these characteristics are relatively expensive. This study attempted to evaluate the organic matter characteristics of littoral sediments by employing solely the loss on ignition(LOI)method, which is the most economical and accessible method in developing countries. Different types of sediments were first oven dried at 100℃ and then continuously burned at 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600℃ for 4 h at each temperature. The mass LOI at each temperature was calculated and compared with the 100℃ oven-dried weight. Our results suggested that the mass LOI across the temperature range of 200–300℃(LOI_(200-300)):mass LOI at 600℃(LOI_(600)) ratio(LOI_(200-300)/LOI_(600)) could represent different types of sediments as well as the organic matter:organic C ratio. Compared with the sediments unaffected by wastewater, the sediments that were more influenced by the inflow of domestic wastewater had a higher LOI_(200-300)/LOI_(600). Interestingly, LOI_(200-300)/LOI_(600) could also represent changes in the organic matter characteristics as a function of organic matter decomposition in sediments. In conclusion, the organic matter characteristics of littoral sediments could be evaluated using solely the LOI method, particularly with LOI_(200-300)/LOI_(600).  相似文献   

Organic amendments decomposability influences microbial activity in saline soils     

Shaminder Singh Chahal  Om Parkash Choudhary  Manpreet Singh Mavi 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(13):1875-1888

Organic amendments with contrasting biochemical properties were investigated by conducting an incubation experiment in soils irrigated with different levels of saline water. Soil samples were taken from a long-term experimental field plots irrigated with normal water and saline water having electrical conductivity (EC) 6 and 12 dS m^?1, respectively. Finely ground biochar, rice straw (RS), farm yard manure (FYM) and glucose were added at two rates (1% and 2.5% carbon basis) and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C. Cumulative respiration (CR), microbial biomass carbon and available nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were negatively correlated with EC, irrespective of the source and amount of added carbon (C). Compared with non-saline soil, at EC 12, relative decrease in CR was lowest with glucose (21.0%) followed by RS (32.0%), FYM (46.0%) and biochar (55.0%). Dissolved organic carbon was positively correlated with salinity and its concentration was higher in treatments with higher rate of C addition (2.5% C). This study showed decomposability of organic amendments and their rate of addition determines microbial activity in saline soils. Further, lower nitrogen (N) release from amendments under saline conditions limits microbial ability to utilize available C for satisfying their energy needs.  相似文献   

Chloride and carbonate salinity tolerance in Mimusops zeyheri seedlings during summer and winter shoot flushes     

P.W. Mashela 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(8):737-742

Shoot flushes alternate with root flushes and the evergreen red milkwood (Mimusops zeyheri Sond.) fruit tree has winter (May–July) and summer (October-December) shoot flushes in southern hemisphere. Fruit of this plant contain high vitamin C and the tree is being researched and bred for arid inland southern Africa regions. Climate change predictions suggested that by 2030 the regions would experience high temperatures (>45°C), recurrent floods and repeated droughts, which are associated with increased salinity challenges. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of salt tolerance in M. zeyheri seedlings to chloride and carbonate salinity during summer and winter shoot flushes under microplot conditions. Treatments, comprising untreated control, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂ and Na₂CO₃ each at 1.0 molar (M) solutions, were applied weekly for eight weeks. During both seasons, CaCl₂ and Na₂CO₃ salinity had significant effects on soil pH and EC. During summer, salt types increased (106%–253%) dry shoot mass and reduced (53%–79%) root/shoot ratio. During winter, Na₂CO₃ salinity increased (114%) dry shoot mass, but the effects were not different to those induced by NaCl and CaCl₂ salinity. All other plant growth variables were not affected by salt type. Salt type had significant effects on assimilation of selected nutrient elements in leaf tissues of M. zeyheri seedlings during winter. Sodium chloride did not have significant effects on nutrient elements, whereas KCl, CaCl₂ and Na₂CO₃ significantly affected selected macronutrient elements and Zn. In conclusion, effects of chloride and carbonate salinity on M. zeyheri seedlings were both season- and salt type-specific, with seedlings displaying some degree of salt tolerance to chloride and carbonate salinity.  相似文献   

Interaction of Different Wheat Genotypes and Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate Using 15N Isotope Tracing Techniques     

Mir Ahmad Mousavi Shalmani  Reza Khorassani  Kazem Khavazi  Mohammad Zaman 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(11):1247-1258

To investigate the effect of applying ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate with or without a nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on fertilizer use efficiency and crop productivity of different wheat genotypes, a field trial was conducted at the Nuclear Agricultural Department’s farm of Iran in 2013–2014. The treatments included five wheat genotypes with different 13 C isotope discrimination and three fertilizer treatments, an unfertilized control, ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate, and ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate with DMPP in three replications. Soil samples were taken after 2, 4, and 6 weeks after sowing and also at harvest time. Results from ¹⁵N experiment showed that DMPP delayed nitrification of ammonium for 42 days. Genotypes with lower discrimination index had greater uptake of ammonium ions which led to increase crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. The results also suggested that the use of DMPP may not be beneficial in some fast growing wheat genotypes.  相似文献