Body Weight,Carcass Yield,and Intestinal Contents of Broilers Having Sodium and Potassium Salts in the Drinking Water Twenty-Four Hours Before Processing     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2008,17(3):369-375

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drinking water supplementation with graded increases of Na and K salts on the performance and gut contents of broilers before processing. Birds had no water, tap water, or water supplemented with sodium bicarbonate or potassium chloride in the concentrations of 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45% in the last 12 and 24 h before processing. The last 12 h coincided with preslaughter feed withdrawal. Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers (46 d old) were set in a completely randomized experimental design with 8 treatments and 9 replications of 9 birds each. Birds were individually processed within a period of 12 h of feed withdrawal every 2 h. Individual weighing was followed with electrical stunning and removal of intestinal contents of the upper (crop through the gizzard) and lower segment (duodenum through cloaca). Water intake increased linearly with greater salt concentrations in the water (P < 0.05). Body weight loss increased linearly through the feed withdrawal; however, it was greater with birds without water access (P < 0.0001). There were no effects of treatments on the yields of carcass and cuts as well as on the intestinal contents at all evaluated times. Intestinal contents from upper and lower segments were decreased with time, but responses to the water treatments were not observed (P > 0.05). It is concluded that increasing water intake through the use of Na and K salts did not affect the rate of gut emptying before processing.  相似文献   

Dietary exposure assessment of cyadox based on tissue depletion of cyadox and its major metabolites in pigs,chickens, and carp          下载免费PDF全文

L. L. Huang  Y. M. Qiu  L. L. Sun  J. Li  Y. H. Pan  Y. L. Wang  Z. H. Yuan 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2018,41(1):125-136

The tissue kinetics of cyadox, an antibacterial agent used in food animals, and its major metabolites in pigs, chickens, and carp were investigated followed by a complete dietary exposure assessment to evaluate the food safety of cyadox. Cyadox and its major metabolites, bisdeoxycyadox (Cy1), 4‐desoxycyadox (Cy2), N ‐(quinoxaline‐2‐methyl)‐cyanide acetyl hydrazine (Cy4), quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic acid (Cy6), and 2‐hydromethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐quinoxaline (Cy12), were simultaneously quantitated with a high‐performance liquid chromatography?ultraviolet (HPLC ‐UV ) method. Pigs, chickens, and carp were fed with 150 mg/kg cyadox in feed for consecutive 60, 40, and 30 days, respectively. The residue amount of cyadox and its major metabolites in liver, kidney, muscle, and fat (skin) tissues was determined. Cy2 was below the limit of quantitation even at the withdrawal time of 6 hr, cyadox, Cy4, Cy6, and Cy12 could be detected at 6–24 hr with low level less than 50 μg/kg. By contrast, Cy1 persisted for 3 days in the kidney of pigs and chickens, and in the liver of carp. Based on these residue depletion data and previous toxicology results, the global estimated chronic dietary exposure assessment of cyadox for general population was conducted, indicating a zero withdrawal time (WDT ) may be appropriate for cyadox in food animals when used in feed for prolonged administration. These results provide analytical techniques and safety standards suitable for residue monitoring of cyadox in food animals.  相似文献   

Reduced fasting periods increase intestinal permeability in chickens          下载免费PDF全文

S. Gilani  G. S. Howarth  C. D. Tran  R. Barekatain  S. M. Kitessa  R. E. A. Forder  R. J. Hughes 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(1):e486-e492

Fasting of up to 24 hr has been shown to increase intestinal permeability (IP) in chickens. The aim of this study was to determine whether fasting duration of 4.5 and 9 hr increased IP and whether l ‐glutamine (a non‐essential amino acid) supplementation before fasting provided some protection of barrier function as shown in other species. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 96) were fed either a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% glutamine from d0 to d38 post‐hatch. On d37, the birds were assigned to single‐bird metabolism cages and were fasted for either 0, 4.5, 9 or 19.5 hr. This study design was 2 × 4 factorial with two levels of glutamine and four levels of fasting. Birds in the 0‐hr fasting group had free access to feed. All birds had ad libitum access to water. To measure IP on day 38, following their respective fasting periods, birds were administered two separate oral gavages of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC‐d) followed by lactulose, mannitol and rhamnose (LMR) sugars, 60 min apart. Whole blood was collected from the jugular vein 90 min post‐LMR sugar gavage. FITC‐d and L/M/R ratios were measured by spectrophotometry and high‐performance ionic chromatography respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins in plasma of the birds fed the control diet were also measured using chicken‐specific LPS antibody ELISA. Serum FITC‐d and plasma L/M and L/R ratios for 4.5, 9 and 19.5 hr were significantly (p < .05) higher compared to the non‐fasting group. However, IP was not different in the glutamine‐supplemented group (p > .05) compared to the control group. LPS concentrations measured by the ELISA were below the detectable range. We conclude that fasting periods of 4.5 and 9 hr increased IP compared to non‐fasted birds and dietary glutamine supplementation did not ameliorate changes in IP.  相似文献   

Effects of Nitrogen and Calcium Nutrition Withdrawal Before Harvesting on Biomass and Nutritive and Safety Quality in Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.)     

Yan Li  Zhang Yingpeng  Zhong Ziwen  Sun Ming 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(14):2270-2280

A hydroponic culture was used to study different nitrogen and calcium supply patterns on biomass, nutritive, and safety quality of spinach seven days before harvesting. The results showed that the complete or partial withdrawal of nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) nutrient decreased spinach biomass compared to control (CK). At the same time, the withdrawal of N and Ca supply before harvesting increased vitamin C contents and decreased nitrate and oxalate content in edible parts of spinach. The decrease in spinach biomass could be partially compensated by the increase of the nutritive and safety quality of spinach and the reduced use of N and Ca nutrients.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of enrofloxacin in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after oral administration     

Qi Shan  Jingxin Wang  Guangming Zheng  Xinping Zhu  Yuanhao Yang  Lisha Ma  Cheng Zhao  Lichun Li  Yi Yin 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2020,43(2):147-152

The study was carried out to evaluate the pharmacokinetic disposition of enrofloxacin (ENF) with a single dose of 20 mg/kg after oral administration in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) at 28°C. The concentrations of ENF and of its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) in plasma, liver, and muscle plus skin in natural proportions were determined using HPLC. The concentration–time data for ENF in plasma were best described by a two-compartment open model. After oral administration, the maximum ENF concentration (C_max) of 10.99 μg/ml was obtained at 0.60 hr. The absorption half-life (T_1/2Ka) of ENF was calculated to be 0.07 hr whereas the elimination half-life (T_1/2β) of the drug was 90.79 hr. The estimates of area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) were 1,185.73 μg hr/ml and 2.21 L/kg, respectively. ENF residues were slowly depleted from the liver and muscle plus skin of largemouth bass with the T_1/2β of 124.73 and 115.14 hr, respectively. Very low levels of ciprofloxacin were detected in the plasma and tissues. A withdrawal time of 24 days was necessary to ensure that the residues of ENF + CIP in muscle plus skin were less than the maximal residue limit (MRL) of 100 μg/kg established by the European Union.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of Eprinomectin in Plasma and Milk following Subcutaneous Administration to Lactating Dairy Cattle   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Baoliang P  Yuwan W  Zhende P  Lifschitz AL  Ming W 《Veterinary research communications》2006,30(3):263-270

Eprinomectin is only available as a topically applied anthelmintic for dairy cattle. To determine whether eprinomectin can be applied as an injectable formulation in dairy cattle, a novel injectable formulation was developed and was subcutaneously delivered to four lactating dairy cattle at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/ kg. Plasma and milk samples were collected. The concentrations of eprinomectin in all samples were determined by HPLC. The peak plasma concentration (C_max)of 44.0±24.2 ng/ml occurred 39±19.3 h after subcutaneous administration, equivalent to the C_max (43.76±18.23 ng/ml) previously reported for dairy cattle after a pour-on administration of 0.5 mg/kg eprinomectin. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) after subcutaneous administration was 7354±1861 (ng h)/ml, higher than that obtained after pour-on delivery (5737.68±412.80 (ng h)/ml). The mean residence time (MRT) of the drug in plasma was 211±55.2 h. Eprinomectin was detected in the milk at the second sampling time. The concentration of drug in milk was parallel to that in plasma, with a milk to plasma ratio of 0.16±0.01. The highest detected concentration of eprinomectin in milk was 9.0 ng/ml, below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of eprinomectin in milk established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2000. The amount of eprinomectin recovered in the milk during this trial was 0.39%±0.08% of the total administered dose. This study demonstrates that subcutaneous administration of eprinomectin led to higher bioavailability and a lower dose than a pour-on application, and that an injectable formulation of eprinomectin may be applied in dairy cattle with a zero withdrawal period.  相似文献   

蜜蜂采蜜期间链霉素和土霉素休药期的初步研究     

赵新宇 《中国兽药杂志》2012,46(7):26-29

以竞争酶联免疫分析手段,通过选择养蜂生产中常用的链霉素和土霉素作为试验代表药物,研究蜂蜜中药物残留消除情况,探讨药物的休药期,以找到合适的给药途径和休药期。试验结果显示,链霉素在给药后33 d,土霉素在给药后43 d,两者在蜂蜜中的残留量分别是5.67、7.77μg/kg,已经符合欧盟、日本及美国等进口方最严要求(≤10μg/kg)。  相似文献   

Observations on the effects of long-term withdrawal on carcass composition and residue concentrations in clenbuterol-medicated cattle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. T. Elliott  S. R. H. Crooks  J. G. D. McEvoy  W. J. McCaughey  S. A. Hewitt  D. Patterson  D. Kilpatrick 《Veterinary research communications》1993,17(6):459-468

The detection of the illegal use of clenbuterol (CBL) as a growth promoter has relied on detecting residual concentrations of the drug in body fluids or tissues. Analysis of retinal extracts has recently been shown to considerably extend the detection period following withdrawal. The withdrawal periods required to eliminate residues from the liver and retina were investigated by medicating 20 cattle with CBL for 30 days; 6 control animals remained unmedicated. Residual concentrations were monitored throughout this period and for the subsequent 140 days. Concurrent changes in muscle areas and backfat thicknesses were recorded by ultrasound.CBL was detectable in liver up to the 56th day of withdrawal (0.35 ng/g, SD=0.5), but retinal concentrations remained well above detectable concentrations throughout the withdrawal period (22.5 ng/g, SD=6.5). There were small gains (3–4%) in the muscle areas of treated cattle during medication as compared to controls (p>0.05). These comparative gains remained during withdrawal. Backfat thicknesses in treated animals were 40% lower than in controls at the end of medication (p<0.01). However, by 70 days after withdrawal this difference had disappeared (p>0.05) owing to accelerated fat deposition in the treated group. The retina has been shown to be a highly effective target matrix for detecting CBL administration after long withdrawal periods.Abbreviations CBL clenbuterol - CIM cimaterol - EC European Community - EIA enzyme immunoassay - GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - HRPo horseradish peroxidase - L. dorsi, Longissimus dorsi - MRL maximum residue level - SD standard deviation - SED standard error of the difference  相似文献   

Effects of Feed Withdrawal Periods on Carcass Yield and Breast Meat Quality of Chickens Reared Using an Alternative System     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2007,16(4):613-622

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of different feed withdrawal (FW) periods (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 h) on live broiler weight loss, dressed and chilled carcass yields, and chilled breast meat quality attributes of chickens reared in an alternative system, without the use of any antibiotics, growth promoters, coccidiostats, or ingredients from animal sources. Live weight loss and dressed and chilled carcass yields after FW were determined, and also fillet color, water-holding capacity (WHC), pH, shear value, cooking loss, and proximate composition, and a sensory analysis was conducted. Longer FW periods resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in live broiler weight losses, from 1.3 to 5.3% in the 18-h period. The drops in dressed and chilled carcass yields became statistically significant at 12 h of FW, with dressed carcass yields of 65.2% after 3 h of FW and 63.8% after 12 h. Chilled carcass yields dropped from 68.8% after 3 h of FW to 67.0% after 12 h. Fillet color, as indicated by the L* values, became darker with longer FW periods, as shown by regression analysis. No statistical differences were observed for the a* values, b* values, WHC, cooking losses, and proximate composition of the fillets for the different FW periods. The Pearson correlation values showed a significant but low negative correlation between fillet pH and shear force, which varied with FW period. The highest carcass yields were obtained for broilers submitted to FW periods of between 3 and 9 h.  相似文献   

新兽药喹烯酮的研究进展   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

王新  姚鹏杰  金辉  刘贺  陈晨 《中国兽药杂志》2006,40(6):41-44

喹烯酮属喹噁啉类药物,无“三致”作用,具有药物半衰期短、生物利用度低、残留低等特点,对于畜禽的腹泻和促生长具有良好的效果.本文综述了喹烯酮的药代动力学、毒理作用、药物残留、休药期和应用前景等内容.  相似文献