Global Positioning System–Determined and Stopwatch-Determined Running Speeds of Horses Differ     

《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2020

Global positioning systems (GPS) have become very popular tools to determine the running speed of horses. However, information on the accuracy of these measurements is scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the accuracy of speed determinations using GPS. For this purpose, the running speeds determined using the GPS of the Polar M400 Equine heart rate meter (G-speed) and a stopwatch (W-speed; manual division of the measured time over the distance run) were compared. The hypothesis was that the speeds determined by both methods would be the same. Eleven horses ran a standardized exercise test (SET) with 130 m laps, and 8 horses ran a SET with 250 m laps in two different sandy riding arenas (one was indoor). The length of the laps was determined with a distance measuring wheel and marked with red traffic cones for the riders to maintain an accurate course. The SETs consisted of five intervals at increasing speeds each. The duration of the intervals was between 3 and 6 minutes. Horses ran a defined number of laps in each interval to reach the prescribed durations. Data were analyzed using a paired Student’s t-test; P < .05 denoted significance. W-speeds differed from G-speeds for all intervals in both riding arenas (P between .01 and .001). G-speed was lower for each interval. With increasing speed, the difference between the two methods augmented. The hypothesis was rejected, therefore questioning the accuracy of the Polar M400 in determining speed under the conditions of this study.  相似文献   

Evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin     

Tinworth KD  Wynn PC  Boston RC  Harris PA  Sillence MN  Thevis M  Thomas A  Noble GK 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2011,41(2):81-90

Determining circulating equine insulin concentrations is becoming increasingly important in equine clinical practice and research. Most available assays are optimized for human medicine, but there is strong equine cross-reactivity because of the highly conserved nature of insulin. To identify an accurate and reliable assay for equine insulin, 6 commercial immunoassays were evaluated for precision, accuracy, and specificity. Only 1 assay initially reached the requisite standard: Mercodia Equine Insulin Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma matrix interferences were identified when the provided assay buffer was used with the Siemens Count-a-Coat Insulin radioimmunoassay (RIA) but not when charcoal-stripped equine plasma was used as the diluent. This modified RIA and the Mercodia Equine Insulin ELISA were evaluated further by directly examining accuracy by comparing their results for 18 equine plasma samples with values obtained using liquid chromatography and high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Compared with LC-MS measurements, the modified Siemens Insulin RIA rendered a moderate Lin's concordance coefficient (ρ_c) of 0.41, whereas the Mercodia Equine Insulin ELISA rendered a very poor ρ_c of 0.06. This suggests that the Siemens Insulin RIA is appropriate to use for routine evaluations when LC-MS is not available.  相似文献   

Statistical evaluation of data from tractor guidance systems     

Peter K. Dunn  Andrew P. Powierski  Rodger Hill 《Precision Agriculture》2006,7(3):179-192

Statistical tools are discussed for the analysis of data collected from tractor guidance systems. The importance of both accuracy and precision is discussed, and statistical tools for analysis are considered which incorporate important features of the data. In particular, accuracy is modelled using a generalized least squares model incorporating autocorrelation, and variances (inverse of precision) using a gamma generalized linear model. The methods are applied to data collected during an experiment conducted with a Trimble receiver used with a Beeline tractor guidance system. Three different scenarios are considered, then compared: a tractor simulating ploughing a field; the tractor pulling a plough with the receivers on the tractor; the tractor pulling a plough with the Trimble receiver on the plough. The change in the precision and accuracy between the scenarios is discussed. Data were recorded over repeated swaths for each scenario. After discussing specific statistical techniques for analysis of this type of data, the collected data are analysed; major conclusions are: The data from the Trimble receiver showed evidence of autocorrelation in the offsets; the plough recorded a variance about three times that recorded by the tractor.This research was completed while the second author was at the University of Southern Queensland.  相似文献   

医学图像光线投影体绘制中重采样快速算法研究     

陶玲王惠南  田芝亮 《勤云标准版测试》2005,(1):52-58

光线投影算法是体绘制算法中图像效果比较好的方法，但存在运算量大，绘制速度慢的问题，如何提高重采样速度是加速光线投影算法的关键。本利用重采样点在两坐标系中的矩阵变换特性，减少矩阵运算量，同时结合三维数据场在像平面的投影减少光线投影数目；利用包围盒技术避免对空体元的采样，并且通过将Bresenham算法扩展至三维确定每个重采样点所在体元的编号。实验结果表明，本提出的重采样优化算法成像速度比标准光线投射算法快2—3倍，而成像的质量与标准算法基本没有区别。本提出的算法，既能保证绘制质量，又能显减少计算量，提高体绘制的速度。  相似文献   

试验室内发动机燃油消耗的精确测量     

王军  胡平  李景学  周昆兵 《拖拉机与农用运输车》2011,38(6):6-10

分析了油耗仪的工作原理,安装情况和试验室工作条件等几个方面对发动机试验室内的燃油消耗测量准确性的影响,并为如何精确地测量发动机的燃油消耗提出了具体的建议。  相似文献   

影响回弹数值仿真精度的主要因素研究     

王强  张进国 《拖拉机与农用运输车》2007,34(4):64-66

通过把影响回弹仿真精度的因素分为回弹阶段因素和来自成形阶段的因素,对各主要影响因素进行了分析研究,并通过正交试验对仿真试验方法进行了探索,得出了来自成形阶段影响回弹精度的各因素取值范围。  相似文献   

GM(0,N)灰色预测模型在云南小春作物产量预报中的应用   总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3  

吉文娟  顾本文 《中国农业气象》2006,27(3):229-232

利用1972-2004年的云南小春作物单产和与其灰关联度最优的10个气象因子时间序列,采用原始序列和残差序列进行GM（0,N）预测建模,对云南小春作物产量趋势进行预测.结果表明：通过残差修正后所建立的云南省小春作物产量预测模型适用于产量趋势预报,通过了小概率统计检验,预报结果有一定的参考价值.  相似文献   

常规变电所无人值班改造中问题的分析及建议     

李庆春 《沈阳农业大学学报》1999,30(2):147-149

农村常规变电所正在进行无人值班改造，已改造过的变电所运行并不十分理想，本文针对遥测精度，遥信误报、遥控可靠性方面存在的问题进行分析，并提出改进建议。  相似文献   

刨花板厚度偏差对板式家具精度的影响     

钱大威 《木材工业》1994,8(1):23-25,44

在家具制造过程中，刨花板厚度偏差对板式家具尺寸精度有明显影响。因此控制板材厚度偏差是目前刨花板生产中亟待解决的一个重要问题。  相似文献   

Accuracy of seven vapour intrusion algorithms for VOC in groundwater   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jeroen Provoost  Lucas Reijnders  Frank Swartjes  Jan Bronders  Piet Seuntjens  Johannes Lijzen 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(1):62-73

Background, aim and scope  During the last decade, soil contamination with volatile organic contaminants (VOC) received special attention because of their potential to cause indoor air problems. Moreover, research has shown that people spend 64% to 94% of there time indoors; therefore, the indoor air quality is of a primary importance for exposure to VOC. Human health risks to VOC—in cases of soil contamination—are often dominated by the exposure route ‘inhalation of indoor air’. Exposure is often a result of vapour transport from the soil or groundwater to the indoor air of the building. Within human health risk assessments, a variety of algorithms are available that calculate transfer of soil gas to the indoor air. These algorithms suffer from a relatively high uncertainty due to a lack of representation of spatial and temporal variability. For such an application, these algorithms need to be further verified empirically against field observations so that they can be sufficiently reliable for regulatory purposes. This paper presents the accuracy for seven algorithms by using observed and predicted soil and indoor air concentrations from three sites, where the groundwater had been contaminated with aromatic and chlorinated VOC. Materials and methods  The algorithms for vapour intrusion that are frequently used in European countries were included in this study and were Vlier–Humaan (Flanders), CSoil (Netherlands), VolaSoil (Netherlands), Johnson & Ettinger (USA), Risc (United Kingdom), and the dilution factor (DF) algorithms from Sweden and Norway. Three sites were investigated in more detail and samples were taken synoptically from the groundwater, soil and indoor air on four occasions. On the petroleum sites, the aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes were analysed and, on the dry cleaning sites, the chlorinated hydrocarbons tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene and cis 1,2-dichloroethene. To increase spatial resolution, measurements in groundwater and soil air were taken in three different zones at each site, in the close proximity of or in the building. During sampling, several relevant soil properties were measured like the bulk density, water and air filled porosity, soil temperature and depth of the groundwater. Also, building properties like the dimensions of the building and the quality of the floor were registered. The seven algorithms were applied to compare that observed with the predicted concentrations in soil and indoor air. The groundwater concentrations were used as a source contamination. The results from the algorithms were compared by using performance criteria to assess the accuracy of each algorithm. Results  All calculations are presented in a box plot that contains the predicted soil or indoor air versus the observed concentrations. Results from the applied criteria are presented for each algorithm. Discussion  Differences between predictions and observations were up to three orders of magnitude and can be partially related to the amount of parameters included in each algorithm and the mathematical concept used. For example, the inclusion or exclusion of a capillary fringe or temperature correction for the Henry constant: it is not clear why all algorithms tend to over-predict the soil air concentration. The prediction mostly starts with the calculation of a soil air concentration related to the Henry constant, followed by diffusive and/or convective transport to the soil surface and zone of influence around the building foundation. Further research is needed to investigate the over-predictions and the use of the Henry constant to calculate the soil air concentration should be reviewed. Conclusions  The algorithms with the highest accuracy were the Johnson and Ettinger and the Vlier–Humaan algorithms. The DF algorithms from Sweden and Norway resulted in higher over- and underpredictions than others. Results for the indoor air showed that all the algorithms calculate high and low concentrations in the indoor air when compared to observations. The algorithms with the highest accuracy were JEM, Vlier–Humaan and CSoil. The DF algorithm from Norway calculated concentrations that were frequently higher than observed concentrations and the Swedish DF algorithm showed frequent higher and lower concentration than observed. The conservatism of the most accurate algorithms is sufficient for regulatory purposes, and they can trigger an integrated programme of field observations (monitoring) or/and modelling. Recommendations and perspectives  The dataset used for this paper was derived from three sites with groundwater contamination and further verification of these algorithms should be done for other sites that have a vadose zone contamination.  相似文献