油菜菌核病发生流行与菌源量、气候因子关系分析及病情预测模型的建立     

秦虎强  高小宁  韩青梅  黄丽丽  张吉昌  唐建祥 《植物保护学报》2018,45(3):496-502

为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。  相似文献   

A bioenergetics model of the entire life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback,gasterosteus aculeatus          下载免费PDF全文

Charlène Leloutre  Alexandre R. R. Péry  Jean‐Marc Porcher  Rémy Beaudouin 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(1):116-127

A whole life‐cycle bioenergetic model based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory was proposed for the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To develop this model, experiments on growth and reproduction were performed: adult and juvenile growth, size at first reproduction and amount of eggs spawned by females were monitored under different feeding levels and temperatures. The DEB parameters were estimated, using Bayesian statistics, based on the data produced during these experiments and on other data found in the literature. The model fitted accurately the different data used for the calibration process and, in addition, predicted accurately the data sets used to assess its predictability. Our bioenergetic model of the whole life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback accounting for environmental variations could contribute in many ways to improved ecological assessment: supporting change of scale from individual to populations; developing new biomarkers of exposure and effect; analysing ecotoxicity tests with biology‐based models.  相似文献   

Physicochemical and Microbiological Changes in Dried Small-Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhynus canicula): Contributing to the Developing an Alternative Shark-Based Salted-Dried Seafood Product     

Eduardo Esteves  Hugo Lourenço  Igor Rosa  Jaime Aníbal 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2018,27(2):176-184

Our aim is to contribute to the valorization and optimization of a salted-dried seafood product prepared from small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhynus canicula) akin to “litão seco,” the high-priced, traditional dried blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus). This work focused on studying the changes in physicochemical and microbiological parameters of S. canicula salted (for 3 h or 24 h) and dried (convection oven for 24 h or tray drier for 3 h). As expected, salting and drying reduced the water content and water activity, while chloride content in fillets increased. Also, significant but distinct changes in color, namely CIE L* and b*, were observed. Total viable counts were significantly reduced in the salted-dried shark, but the later still presented Staphylococcus aureus, though at marginally acceptable, non-hazardous levels. The abundance of yeasts was reduced by 3 log(cfu/g) in samples oven-dried for 24 h but only by 0.8 log after 3 h in the tray-drier. From our results, salted-dried S. canicula has the required physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality to be apt for human consumption and is a suitable candidate for becoming a traditional seafood product comparable to “litão seco.”  相似文献   

Cetacean rapid assessment: An approach to fill knowledge gaps and target conservation across large data deficient areas          下载免费PDF全文

《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2018,28(1):216-230

Critical factors driving aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease in clover revealed and explained using linear and generalized linear models and boosted regression trees          下载免费PDF全文

M. P. You  K. Rensing  M. Renton  M. J. Barbetti 《Plant pathology》2018,67(6):1374-1387

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is an important forage legume in Mediterranean regions worldwide. Aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease (Aphanomyces trifolii) poses significant threat to its persistence and productivity. Studies were conducted to define how environmental explanatory variables (temperature, soil type, moisture, nutrition) and variety influence disease severity and consequent forage productivity and persistence. Relationships were modelled using linear and generalized linear models and boosted regression trees. Linear modelling highlighted complex relationships between environmental variables and each dependent variable (emergence, tap and lateral root disease, dry shoot and root weight). All environmental variables produced significant interaction and/or main effects within each dependent variable. Boosted regression trees supported the complex nature of relationships in linear models, with temperature and either soil or variety most, and nutrition least, influential. Heat maps showed more disease for low temperatures. Least tap root disease was under high temperatures, while least lateral root disease was under medium or high temperatures, low moisture, and in sand‐based soil. These are the first studies using modelling approaches to reveal the complexities of how fluctuating soil temperature, moisture and nutrition conditions, and soil type and variety, determine aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease severity and resultant adverse impacts on forage legume productivity and persistence. Outcomes are widely applicable across soilborne oomycete pathogens of forage legumes. Studies highlighted how warming temperatures and drying climate associated with climate change should reduce future impact and importance of this and other soilborne oomycete diseases of forage legumes favoured by cold temperatures and wet and waterlogged conditions.  相似文献   

建议我国重视五氯硝基苯的应用风险     

刘晓漫  曹坳程  王秋霞  颜冬冬  欧阳灿彬  李园 《植物保护》2018,44(3):1-5

五氯硝基苯是一种化学性质稳定的有机氯农药,在环境中很难降解,并容易通过食物链富集到生物体内。由于五氯硝基苯及其制备过程中的杂质(六氯苯、二噁英等)对生态环境和人类产生的危害极大,因此多个国家对其采取了禁用或限制使用的监管措施。本文概述了五氯硝基苯的毒性和环境危害及在国内外的应用情况,介绍了五氯硝基苯的替代产品和替代技术,并对其今后的管理和使用提出了建议。  相似文献   

草甘膦铵盐对3种滩涂动物抗氧化酶、丙二醛及大弹涂鱼红细胞微核的影响     

袁建军  谢嘉华  张猛  陈细香  余向阳 《农药学学报》2018,20(5):587-594

为评价草甘膦对河口及滩涂水域生物的影响,采用室内人工染毒法,研究了草甘膦铵盐对可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta Lamark和大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris 3种滩涂动物超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、丙二醛 (MDA) 及大弹涂鱼红细胞微核的影响。结果表明:经低浓度 (63.5 mg/L) 草甘膦短时间 (2 d) 染毒后,可口革囊星虫肠组织的SOD、CAT活性值及MDA含量分别为231.54、1.719 U/mg pro. 和0.60 nmol/mg pro.,3种指标均显著或极显著高于相应对照值 (204.88、1.521 U/mg pro. 和0.54 nmol/mg pro.),且随着药剂处理浓度增加,SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量均升高;但当染毒时间延长至8 d时,可口革囊星虫肠组织的SOD、CAT活性值及MDA含量均明显降低,分别为155.67、1.403 U/mg pro. 和0.53 nmol/mg pro.,显著低于对照,且随药剂处理浓度进一步增加,酶活性及MDA含量值降低更显著。草甘膦对缢蛏内脏团及大弹涂鱼肝脏SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响表现出类似规律。此外,经低浓度 (53.5 mg/L) 草甘膦染毒8 d后,大弹涂鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率分别为17.00‰ 和21.33‰,均极显著高于相应对照值 (13.67‰ 和13.33‰),且随着草甘膦浓度增大,其红细胞微核率及核异常率均显著升高,表明大弹涂鱼对草甘膦有较高的敏感性。所得研究结果可为评价草甘膦对河口及滩涂水域生物的影响提供参考依据。  相似文献   

牛粪垫料再生系统温室气体排放及其对环境的影响     

曾雅琼  施正香  王盼柳 《中国农业大学学报》2018,23(7):66-74

为深入了解牛床垫料再生系统的工艺技术特点及对环境的影响程度,对垫料再生系统处理过程中物料特性和温室气体排放进行测试。结果表明:BRU系统的核心—发酵仓,其运行过程基本不改变物料的理化特性,随着出料流量的增大,仓内温度和CO_2、CH_4及N_2O的排放速率均显著降低,而相对湿度则明显提高;牛场粪污固液分离后经垫料再生系统处理,每1.00t牛粪的CO_2、CH_4、N_2O气体排放量分别为2.15~5.04kg、1.95~7.25g、27.09~58.11mg,1.00t鲜牛粪温室气体排放量相当于3.60kg CO_2当量。BRU系统和好氧发酵2种垫料生产系统的生命周期评价结果显示,BRU系统对环境影响远小于好氧发酵系统,仅为好氧发酵系统的9%,其环境友好性优于好氧发酵系统。  相似文献   

土地利用环境功能与区域经济增长的耦合协调发展研究——以张家口市为例     

张小雪  许月卿  孙丕苓  刘超 《中国农业大学学报》2018,23(5):159-167

为研究土地利用环境功能与区域经济之间的协调发展关系,以河北省张家口市为例,建立土地利用环境功能评价指标体系,利用综合指数法,分析张家口市土地利用环境功能演变特征;运用耦合协调度模型,探究张家口市土地利用环境功能与经济发展的耦合协调关系。结果表明,2000—2013年张家口市土地利用环境功能呈波动增长的趋势,其与经济发展的耦合关系经历了轻度失调到良好协调的上升过程。并据此,针对张家口市土地利用环境功能与社会经济之间的协调发展关系提出相关建议。  相似文献   

转基因作物对畜禽肠道非预期效应的研究进展     

张立兰  陈亮  张宏福 《中国农业科技导报》2018,20(11):1-13

随着基因工程技术的发展,全球转基因作物种植面积持续增加,转基因作物及其加工副产物75%以上用于动物饲料原料,因而,非常有必要开展转基因作物饲用安全性评价研究。肠道是机体最大的免疫器官,肠道健康对动物正常生理功能的维持具有重要作用,转基因作物对肠道的非预期效应研究是转基因作物饲用安全性评价的热点。介绍了转基因作物饲用安全性评价的特殊性与必要性,分析了饲料中转基因成分在体内的潜在消解和转移规律,综述了转基因作物对畜禽肠道形态结构和微生态平衡非预期效应的研究进展,旨在为转基因作物饲用安全性评价体系的建立与完善提供参考。  相似文献