The origin,evolution, cultivation,dissemination, and diversification of Asian and African rices   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28  

Te-Tzu Chang 《Euphytica》1976,25(1):425-441

Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennialwild annualcultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the stapfii forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the spontanea forms of O. sativa in Asia.The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment.Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields.Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process.The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal.Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.  相似文献   

Variation for dry matter yield,seed yield and other agronomic traits in Ladino white clover landraces and natural populations     

Paolo Annicchiarico 《Euphytica》1993,71(1-2):131-141

Summary A set of Ladino white clover ecotypes including the last available landraces and some natural populations collected from old permanent meadows, together with some white clover varieties of various origins, were evaluated as monocultures for dry matter (DM) and seed yield assessed in separate field experiments. Other agronomic traits were also recorded. The best performing variety, Espanso, was significantly outyielded by some ecotypes for DM and seed production. Compared to landraces, natural populations yielded on average far less seed but as much DM and tended towards higher persistence indicating that domestication of the native Ladino at the farm level only improved seed yield of the crop. Natural populations showed, besides lower values of most seed yield components, a distinct canopy architecture characterized by smaller leaves, longer internodes and denser stolons. Seed weight proved the best character discriminating between the two ecotype groups. Significant variation for most traits was found both among landraces, in which it was mostly relatable to differences among provenances, and among natural populations. The relations between the main multivariate patterns of phenotypic variation and a set of environment collecting variables suggested that evolutive adaptation to different agronomic practices was a major determinant of the overall variation found in landraces. Evidence is provided that a relevant part of the variation observed among ecotypes for some important traits could be genetic.Abbreviations DM dry matter - DMY dry matter yield - NRH number of ripe heads - NFH number of florets per head - PL petiole length - LS leaf size - IL internode length - NS number of stolons - PRO protein content - SY seed yield - TSW thousand seed weight - NSF number of seeds per floret - PCA principal components analysis - PC principal component  相似文献   

重新认识黄河   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

钱正英 《中国水土保持科学》2003,1(3):1-4

 要研究黄河下游治理方向,首先需要重新认识黄河。黄河现在的特点是干旱年份上中游一些支流径流量减少幅度大于降水量减少的幅度,社会经济用水和生态植被用水量在增加,入黄泥沙减少的同时径流量也减少。对于今后黄河的治理,需要研究下游的年均水量及汛期水量的可能变化,减沙量与减水量的变化幅度和增加下游汛期水量的可行性。按照“与自然和谐共存”的思想,总结了黄河流域治理开发以及水土保持、植被恢复等生态环境建设中的基本教训。  相似文献   

Influence of temperature on CO2 evolution,microbial biomass C and metabolic quotient during the decomposition of two humic forest horizons     

R. Pöhhacker  W. Zech 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(2-3):239-245

The decomposition of the litter layer and the humic mineral horizon from a beech forest site was studied at temperatures of 5, 12, and 22°C for both substrates and additionally at 32°C for beech litter. Weight losses, basal and substrate-induced CO₂ production, and the extractable biomass C were monitored periodically during a 2-year incubation period. Weight losses and microbial activity were controlled by substrate quality and temperature. No significant differences were found between 5 and 12°C in decomposition, biomass C, and the metabolic quotient in the humic mineral horizon. The decay of beech litter and the humic mineral horizon was highest at 22°C but was faster in the litter material by a factor of 2.9 on average. In the glucose-amended samples, the relationship among the CO₂-C fluxes was 1:1:2:3 at temperatures of 5, 12, 22, and 32°C in the litter layer, and 1: 2: 2.4 at 5, 12, and 22°C in the A horizon, respectively. The microbial activity in the humic mineral horizon was only 2–11% of that in the litter layer. The level of biomass C remained constant over 1 year and no significant differences were obtained from the 12 and 22°C treatments in the litter layer.  相似文献   

重大线性工程建设下山区乡村聚落空间演变   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

王健  王健  吴文良 《农业工程学报》2020,36(24):236-246

区域重大线性工程建设对传统山区乡村聚落的发展带来深刻的影响，乡村聚落发展步伐被打断或加快，驱动乡村聚落发展演变与重构，对这一影响和演变过程研究，有助于进一步理解区域重大线性工程与社会经济对传统山区乡村发展产生的外部性，为山区乡村振兴政策制定与发展策略选择提供参考。该研究以河北省赤城县大海陀乡为研究对象，基于1999、2009、2019年3期遥感影像数据，结合空间分析、景观格局指数、Voronoi图及Logistic回归模型，科学识别重大线性工程驱动下乡村聚落空间格局演变规律。结果表明：1）大海陀乡的乡村聚落在高速公路建设前后两个阶段表现出散乱式的斑块数量增长型扩张、集聚式的斑块面积增大型扩张的空间格局演变特征，重大线性工程建设加快了乡村聚落的扩张速度，促进了村庄聚落的内部集聚。2）重大线性工程的建设为构建聚落环境提供社会经济支撑，具有瞬时性与外界强干扰性，驱使大海陀乡乡村聚落从自然资源依附到经济社会依附的演变，形成跨域式的影响效应。3）大海陀乡乡村聚落呈现出"要素-结构-功能"的循环演变机制，内外因素的作用下主体行为的多元模式、自然发展演变与外界力量冲击下三生系统的耦合关系是乡村聚落演变的主要驱动力。京津冀一体化背景下，重大线性工程建设是加强城乡要素流通与转变村民生产生活观念的基石，需统筹城乡资源，加强规划引导与整治措施，促进村镇体系重构。  相似文献   

青海湖地区耕地演变过程与影响机制分析          下载免费PDF全文

俞文政  常庆瑞  王锐  陶秉元 《水土保持通报》2006,26(5):19-22

通过对青海湖地区耕地总面积、内部结构的变化过程和区域差异的分析，探讨了耕地变化的驱动机制。结果发现该区耕地面积变化呈现出平稳增加、激增、螺旋式增加和锐减的演变趋势，内部结构先呈现水浇地面积的显著增加，浅山地、脑山地相对减少的趋势，然后有出现水浇地和其它类型的耕地此消彼张变化阶段趋势；而耕地变化的区域差异也呈现出全区增长，区域不同步和全区减少的变化趋势。影响研究区耕地变化的原因，除自然因子外，国家大政方针和重大农业政策是导致这种变化的主要原因。  相似文献   

广西红壤果园土壤肥力演化与评价   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

江泽普  韦广泼  谭宏伟 《植物营养与肥料学报》2004,10(3):312-318

本文着重探讨广西红壤果园土壤肥力在不同种植年限的演化特征,并利用数理统计软件—SPSS对果园土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明,广西红壤果园土壤肥力综合指标值(IFI)在0.17～0.25之间,果园土壤肥力属中下水平。不同年限果园IFI的变化趋势为"N"形走势,即新开果园在10年内IFI略有上升,10年后下降,而在30年以后果园土壤IFI又有增加。造成这种走势的原因,主要是由于受广西高温多雨的气候、果园环境和施肥管理等方面共同影响的结果。在近15年开垦种植的果园中,由于水土流失严重,果园土壤砂化,11～15年树龄果园的砂粒含量比0～5年树龄果园增加近23个百分点,而团聚体(>1mm)和有效阳离子代换量(ECEC)却分别减少24个百分点和3.0cmol/kg,果园土壤环境恶化。防止新开果园水土流失,改善新开果园土壤环境,为广西水果生产的当务之急。  相似文献   

Andosol to Luvisol evolution in Central Mexico: timing, mechanisms and environmental setting     

S. N. Sedov  E. Solleiro-Rebolledo  J. E. Gama-Castro 《CATENA》2003,54(3):495

Surface and buried Andosols and buried Luvisols of the Nevado de Toluca Late Quaternary tephra-paleosol sequence (Central Mexico) were studied to show whether these soils present an evolutionary sequence and to determine the pedogenic mechanisms and environmental factors involved in the evolutionary process. Micromorphological observations and mineralogical composition of fine sand and clay fractions were used to detect type and succession of soil-forming process. Some of the buried Andosols, defined as “intergrade” Andosols, have a predominantly blocky structure, humus-depleted areas, redoximorphic features and thin clay coatings in Ah horizons. Clay fractions of buried Andosols contain halloysite besides amorphous components, whereas in modern Andosols, allophane is dominant. Luvisols have micro-areas with granular structure and abundant phytoliths in the groundmass of Bt horizons assumed to be the relict Andosol features. Luvisol clay fractions are dominated by halloysite and kaolinite. Primary minerals show micromorphological weathering features in all studied soils being stronger in Luvisols; however, even in Luvisols, sand fractions consist mostly of unstable volcanic silicates. We hypothesise that the studied profiles form an evolutionary sequence: Andosols–“intergrade” Andosols–Luvisols; the soil transformation is supposed to be linked to progressive crystallisation of 1:1 clay minerals. Comparing the Nevado de Toluca paleosol properties with the existing data on volcanic soil climo- and chronesequences and assessing the regional paleopedological and lacustrine records of Quaternary paleoclimates, we concluded that wet/dry climatic oscillations took place during the formation of the studied paleosols. Rapid crystallisation of 1:1 minerals occurred during dry phases, which speeded up the Andosol to Luvisol transformation and made it independent from the primary mineral weathering status. The Andosol to Luvisol transformation accelerated by climatic fluctuations is thought to be a common soil evolutionary pathway in the subtropical and tropical regions of recent volcanism, which suffered contrasting precipitation oscillations in the Quaternary.  相似文献   

Variation and phylogeny of the triploid cultivated potatoSolanum chaucha Juz. et Buk. based on RAPD and isozyme markers     

Pedro L. Cisneros  Carlos F. Quiros 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1995,42(4):373-386

Ninety four accessions of the cultivated triploid potatoS. chaucha were analyzed and classified in genotypic groups using 9 isozyme loci and RAPD markers disclosed by 20 arbitrary 10-mer primers. Eight isozyme loci out of nine were polymorphic. A total of 22 allozymes were analyzed but none of them were specific for any genotypic group. About half (52%) of the 102 RAPD markers scored, were polymorphic, all of them showing polymorphism among groups and rarely within groups. Eighteen RAPD markers were specific for certain genotypes. The isozyme markers showed a certain amount of intra group variation which made classification less reliable than with RAPD markers. A total of 10 triploid genetic groups were discriminated using both techniques together. A single primer was found to be sufficient to distinguish all 10 groups. All varieties of a single group are considered to have been derived from the same cross and then clonally propagated, even though there is a high amount of morphological variation within a single genotypic group due probably to somatic mutations. RAPD markers have been shown to be more reliable in the classification of triploid potato varieties than other genetic markers like isozymes, proteins and morphological traits.  相似文献   

黄杨属植物ITS序列分子进化特点分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王晓锋  刘娜娜  季孔庶 《分子植物育种》2011,9(4):506-513

黄杨属植物种类多,分类较为混乱,特别是中国特有种珍珠黄杨的分类地位和系统进化存有争议,鉴于此,本文选取黄杨属5种植物和珍稀濒危植物珍珠黄杨的5个居群,对其rDNA ITS序列分析,结合GenBank中报道的黄杨属其它9个种,以板凳果属顶花板凳果的ITS序列为参照,用成对比较的方法对黄杨属18种植物的ITS序列比较发现,...  相似文献