渭南市人和公园植物资源调查及景观分析     

高志勇  王淋  刘史力  张洪利  谢恒星 《林业调查规划》2019,(4):194-200,214

采用实地调查法、样方法、查阅文献法和交流讨论法调查分析渭南市人和公园植物资源及景观现状。结果表明:人和公园共有植物48科75属86种,较大的科为禾本科、十字花科、菊科、木犀科、杨柳科;植物的应用频度方面,落叶乔木应用较广泛,常绿乔木缺乏,灌木及草本植物种类单调;植物花色单一,且花期只要集中在春季。针对存在的问题,提出了丰富植物层次,增加不同季节的花种的丰富性,利用垂直绿化拓展公园绿化空间,完善基础设施,设置景观节点以形成完整的景观结构体系,结合风景文化点突出文化古城特色等建议。  相似文献   

施氮量对低谷蛋白水稻产量及品质的影响     

兰艳  黄曌  隋晓东  龚静  涂云彪  孙影影  伍鑫  丁春邦  李天 《华南农业大学学报》2019,40(4):8-15

【目的】探明施氮量对低谷蛋白水稻Oryza sativa产量及品质的影响。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,设置5个施氮处理,N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的施氮量分别为0、90、135、180和225 kg·hm~(-2),研究不同氮肥水平对低谷蛋白水稻‘ER22’产量、籽粒蛋白质组分含量和比例、以及稻米品质的影响。【结果】在施氮量为0～180 kg·hm~(-2)的范围内,有效穗数、结实率、实粒数和水稻产量随着施氮量的增加而逐渐增加;但在N4处理下,结实率与实粒数均下降,导致产量降低。花后7～35 d,‘ER22’籽粒总蛋白含量及各组分蛋白含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,但各组分蛋白的比例不变;花后35 d籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量在N2、N3和N4处理间差异均不显著,而醇溶蛋白含量则在N2、N3和N4处理间差异均显著,谷蛋白含量在N3和N4处理间无显著差异。‘ER22’稻米的食味品质在N1和N2处理下表现良好,N3处理的稻米加工品质最好,N4处理的稻米综合品质降低。【结论】实现低谷蛋白水稻‘ER22’高产优质的适宜施氮范围在135～180 kg·hm~(-2)之间。  相似文献   

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages     

Amarpreet SINGH  Yashbir Singh SHIVAY 《土壤圈》2019,29(4):504-515

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.  相似文献   

Short-Term Effect of Nitrogen Intensification on Aggregate Size Distribution, Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Semi-Arid Soil Under Different Crop Types   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rajasekaran MURUGAN  V. R. Ramakrishna PARAMA  Beate MADAN  R. MUTHURAJU  Bernard LUDWIG 《土壤圈》2019,29(4):483-491

There is a lack of quantitative assessments available on the effect of agricultural intensification on soil aggregate distribution and microbial properties. Here, we investigated how short-term nitrogen(N) intensification induced changes in aggregate size distribution and microbial properties in a soil of a hot moist semi-arid region(Bangalore, India). We hypothesised that N intensification would increase the accumulation of macroaggregates 2 mm and soil microbial biomass and activity, and that the specific crop plant sowed would influence the level of this increase. In November 2016, surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(10–20 cm) soil samples were taken from three N fertilisation treatments, low N(50 kg N ha~(-1)), medium N(75 and 100 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively),and high N(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively). Distribution of water-stable aggregate concentrations,carbon(C) and N dynamics within aggregate size class, and soil microbial biomass and activity were evaluated. The high-N treatment significantly increased the concentration of large macroaggregates in the subsurface soil of the maize crop treatment, presumably due to an increased C input from root growth. Different N fertilisation levels did not significantly affect C and N concentrations in different aggregate size classes or the bulk soil. High-N applications significantly increased dehydrogenase activity in both the surface soil and the subsurface soil and urease activity in the surface soil, likely because of increased accumulation of enzymes stabilised by soil colloids in dry soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by the type of crop, but urease activity not. Overall, our results showed that high N application rates alter large macroaggregates and enzyme activities in surface and subsurface soils through an increased aboveground and corresponding belowground biomass input in the maize crop.  相似文献   

基于农户施肥和土壤肥力的黑龙江水稻减肥潜力分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

彭显龙  王伟  周娜  刘海洋  李鹏飞  刘智蕾  于彩莲 《中国农业科学》2019,52(12):2092-2100

【目的】 黑龙江稻田面积320多万公顷,为全国稻田面积最大的省份,10多年来水稻产量一直徘徊在7 000 kg·hm ^-2,也是我国稻田化肥用量（纯N 约150 kg·hm ^-2）最低的省份。在化肥零增长的背景条件下,黑龙江是否存在节肥潜力有待研究。 【方法】 调查水稻主产区农户施肥情况。2005年调查区域为五常、方正、木兰、宁安、庆安、铁力、尚志、阿城;2008年调查区域为密山、虎林、庆安、五常、宁安、方正、萝北、桦川、富锦和尚志;2015年调查区域为五常、方正、宁安、虎林和庆安。每个地点随机选择一个乡,每个乡随机选择2或者3个村,每村调查10户,共638户。2009—2010年,采集了黑龙江水稻主产区8万多个土壤样品,测定0—20 cm土层速效磷、速效钾养分含量。采用理论适宜施氮量法估算黑龙江稻田氮肥用量;依据作物养分需求量和稻田土壤养分状况,采用磷钾衡量监控方法,估算稻田磷、钾肥适宜施用量,在此基础上分析黑龙江省水稻减肥潜力。【结果】 2005、2008和2015年黑龙江水稻平均产量分别为6 427、7 593和7 142 kg·hm ^-2 ,3年平均产量为7 104 kg·hm ^-2。农户间产量差异较大,高低相差近5 000 kg·hm ^-2。稻田N、P₂O₅和K₂O用量平均分别为141.0、56.6和51.6 kg·hm ^-2,N、P₂O₅和K₂O用量高低相差均超过300 kg·hm ^-2,农户间施肥变异较大,盲目施肥问题突出。稻田土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量分别约为26和138 mg·kg ^-1。速效磷的变异超过了40%,不同区域间土壤肥力差异较大。70%以上的样品速效磷、速效钾含量处于较高水平。要达到7 500 kg·hm ^-2的产量水平,对应的理论适宜N用量为105 kg·hm ^-2,只有20%的农户实现了高产氮素高效,有70%的农户具有节肥潜力,可以节氮超过26%。通过节肥,每千克氮素生产的粮食可由50 kg提高到70 kg。按照目前的产量和土壤养分状况,稻田P₂O₅和K₂O适宜用量分别为41.6和35.9 kg·hm ^-2,可以减量约30%。调研农户中,具有节磷和节钾潜力的农户分别约占总体的71%和72%,处于低产低效的农户均占总体的30%,节肥潜力最大。 【结论】 黑龙江作为全国施肥量最低的省份,有约70%的农户处于高产不高效或者低产低效水平,过量施肥问题突出,节肥潜力20%以上。  相似文献   

水稻叶倾角分子机制及育种应用的研究进展     

胡娟  林晗  徐娜  焦然  戴志俊  鲁草林  饶玉春  王跃星 《中国水稻科学》2019,33(5):391-400

水稻叶倾角是指叶片与茎秆之间的夹角,叶倾角影响叶片光合作用速率,与株型和产量密切相关,如直立叶片就是水稻理想株型形态因素之一。叶倾角的大小受到多种植物激素的调控,是油菜素内酯、生长素、赤霉素、茉莉酸等多种激素相互作用的结果,另外,其他因素如根系分布、叶片大小、生长环境等也会对水稻叶倾角大小产生一定的影响。本文根据水稻叶倾角的研究进展,着重从叶枕的发育、激素水平及其他因素等方面,对水稻叶倾角的分子机制及其在育种中的应用进行阐述与总结,以期为水稻株型的分子设计育种提供参考,为进一步提高水稻的产量奠定理论基础。  相似文献   

不同施氮量对核桃林间作花生生长发育及产量的影响     

权宝全  白冬梅  田跃霞  薛云云 《花生学报》2019,48(2):52-56

在核桃林间作条件下,对不同氮肥施用量处理花生植株生长、干物质积累、产量构成及经济效益进行研究.2017年和2018年两年试验结果表明:施氮可促进花生生长和干物质积累,增加花生单株饱果数和百果质量,从而提高产量.在施氮量≤210kg/hm^2时,花生产量随氮肥施用量的增加而逐渐增加,氮肥施用量为300kg/hm2时,花生干物质向荚果分配被抑制,进而产量降低.氮肥施用量为210kg/hm^2时,两年间作花生的产量和利润均达最大值,分别为4938.56 kg/hm^2、4512.71 kg/hm^2和21648元/hm^2、19701元/hm^2.  相似文献   

基于养分专家系统评估双季稻区的氮肥减施潜力   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

柳开楼  李大明  余喜初  胡惠文  熊华荣  胡志华  叶会财  黄庆海 《中国稻米》2019,(3):44-48

在双季稻区,不同肥力水平稻田的化肥减施潜力还不明晰。本研究针对高中低肥力的双季稻田,通过在养分专家系统(NE)推荐的施氮量基础上设置氮肥增减15%、30%和45%的田间试验,分析了水稻产量及其与氮肥用量的量化关系。结果表明:高中低肥力等级上各处理的早晚稻产量大体呈现出高肥力>中肥力>低肥力的趋势,与低肥力相比,中高肥力的早稻产量提高了2.30%~8.56%,晚稻产量提高了13.56%~17.94%。在NE基础上氮肥减施30%和45%处理下,高中低肥力水平的早稻产量比NE处理降低了8.05%~12.52%,晚稻产量降低了2.03%~6.67%,但低肥力中NE基础上氮肥减施30%的早稻产量则无显著降低。同时,NE基础上氮肥减施15%以及增施15%、30%和45%均不能显著提高高中低肥力水平的早晚稻产量。进一步通过一元二次方程拟合表明,不同肥力等级上早晚稻的产量潜力和对应的氮肥合理用量均呈现出高肥力大于中肥力和低肥力的趋势,养分专家系统可以在实现95%的产量潜力下将氮肥减施12.94%~34.07%,且在维持高产的前提下,高肥力的氮肥减施比例明显低于中肥力和低肥力。因此,在南方双季稻地区,养分专家系统可以在高中低肥力水平实现化肥减施增效,但不同肥力等级氮肥减施比例存在差异。  相似文献   

水稻新型苗床调理剂——苗壮丰的开发与应用     

陈厚存  张洪程  魏海燕  郭保卫  胡群  孙亚军  秦广建 《中国稻米》2019,(3):33-36

为解决现有的固体水稻苗床调理剂在生产应用中存在的与床土拌和花工费时、不容易拌匀施匀等问题,经多年攻关研究,成功开发出可拌种/包衣、播时洒施、播后芽前喷施、立针期喷施的液体水稻苗床调理剂——苗壮丰。产品除N、P2O5、K2O总养分≥210(140-45-25)g/L,有机质含量≥30g/L,pH值≤6,微量元素≥5.5g/L(其中Zn≥2.0)之外,还添加了促进根系发育、提高光合效率、控制养分流失等成分。跟现有产品相比,不仅使用方便、省事省工,且对出苗较为安全,能达到比较好的壮苗效果,根系发达、株高适中、假茎增粗、干物质量增加、秧龄弹性增大。2017年海安试验表明,与空白对照相比,播后芽前喷施苗壮丰的处理白根数增40.5%,株高矮1.98cm,茎基宽增38.9%,SPAD值增55.1%,百苗干物质量增44.9%。为了更好的使用该新产品,文中最后给出水稻新型苗床调理剂——苗壮丰的使用技术。  相似文献   

优质、抗逆、香型水稻新品种绥粳28的选育及应用前景分析     

高世伟  聂守军  刘晴  刘宇强  常汇琳  聂鑫  王宝力  薛英会  史淑春  熊琰  陈秋明  李婧阳 《中国稻米》2019,(4):106-108

绥粳28是以绥粳4号为母本、绥粳11为父本进行有性杂交,利用系谱法选育而成的集优质、抗逆、香型等诸多优点于一身的水稻新品种,2018年通过黑龙江省品种审定委员会审定。本文介绍了该品种的选育经过、特征特性,并对该品种未来在黑龙江省的推广应用前景进行分析,为今后寒地优质粳稻品种选育提供参考。  相似文献