Comparison of the use of sodium carbonate (washing soda crystals) and apomorphine for inducing emesis in dogs     

E Yam  G Hosgood  L Smart 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(12):474-477

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麻痹性贝毒在生物间的传递过程和贝毒净化的研究进展     

郝佳  石永波  石昌磊  鲁艳莉 《现代农业科技》2010,(23):303-304,308

从国内海洋生物和国外海洋生物的研究进展2个方面概括地介绍了麻痹性贝毒在生物间传递过程的进展情况;总结了几种相关的加速贝毒净化的方法,并对各自的优缺点进行了详细的阐述,以期为研究麻痹性贝毒提供理论帮助。  相似文献   

Toxicity and feeding deterrence of crude toxin extracts of Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii (Hyphomycetes) against sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)     

Wang L  Huang J  You M  Guan X  Liu B 《Pest management science》2007,63(4):381-387

Crude toxins [toxin(V3450) and toxin(Vp28,) extracted from Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii (Zimmermann) Gams & Zare strain V3450 and Vp28 respectively] were tested for contact toxicity, feeding deterrence and repellent activity against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Both toxins showed ovicidal activity to eggs, with LC(50) values of 447 and 629 mg L(-1) respectively. Nymphs of B. tabaci were the most susceptible stages (LC(50) values were calculated at 111 mg L(-1) for toxin(V3450) and 216 mg L(-1) for toxin(Vp28)), and adults were the second most susceptible stages (48 h LC(50) values were calculated at 178 mg L(-1) for toxin(V3450) and 438 mg L(-1) for toxin(Vp28)). Applied to seedlings at a concentration of 400 mg L(-1), the toxins significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the hatching of whitefly eggs and the subsequent survival rate of the nymphs, and the emergence and fecundity of the progeny adults. Both toxins exhibited repellent activity at low concentration (100 mg L(-1)), with repellency index (RI) values of 0.645 for toxin(V3450) and 0.642 for toxin(Vp28), and antifeedant activity at high concentration (1000 mg L(-1)) to adults, with antifeedant index (AFI) values of 0.713 for toxin(V3450) and 0.749 for toxin(Vp28). The results of the present study demonstrate the toxicity, repellence and antifeedant properties of the fungi metabolite toxins on B. tabaci, which might develop as environmentally friendly plant protectant(s).  相似文献   

Effects of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystems: a review of a ten-year research in China     

Wenke Liu 《Frontiers of Agriculture in China》2009,3(2):190-198

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton is the unique Bt transgenic crop planted on a large scale in China, and its commercialized varieties and hectareage had increased rapidly in China during the past decade (1997–2006) with broad geographic distribution for the economic, environmental, and health benefits. In 2004, the planting area of Bt transgenic cotton in China ranked first worldwide with up to 370 × 10⁶ hm². In addition, Bt transgenic rice varieties in field tests have been close to approval for commercialization. However, ecological risks, a complex issue of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystem is urgently faced in China due to more than 60 varieties transferred single or bivalent Bt genes grown under diverse geographic regions. Two main pathways, biomass incorporation and root exudates, are involved in the effects of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystems. In this paper, the research results in recent years in China involved in the effects of Bt transgenic crops (Bt transgenic cottons and rice) on soil ecosystems were summarized with special attentions paid to the release and persistence of Bt toxins, and the toxicology to microorganisms, as well as the change of soil biochemical properties in soils where Bt transgenic crops were planted or incubated with their biomass. In addition, the complexity and current research defaults of ecological risk evaluation of Bt transgenic crops in China were highlighted.  相似文献   

Effect of fungal toxins on germination of Striga hermonthica seeds   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

ZONNO  & VURRO 《Weed Research》1999,39(1):15-20

Fourteen fungal toxins were assayed in vitro to evaluate their effect on seed germination of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica . Among them, T-2 toxin proved to be the most active, being able to inhibit 100% seed germination at 10⁻⁵ M, and being still active when tested at a concentration of 10⁻⁷ M (19% inhibition). Deoxinivalenol was also very active, causing 100% and 69% reduction in germination when assayed at 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵ M respectively. Cytochalasin E, tenuazonic acid, fumonisin B₁, enniatin and nivalenol were shown to have an inhibitory effect of around 50% at 10⁻⁴ M, whereas other toxins had lower or no activity. The high activity shown by some fungal toxins suggests that they may have potential for use as more natural and safe herbicides to suppress parasite seed germination.  相似文献   

植物毒素的微生物降解与利用研究进展     

赵兴华  何欣  董强  王建华 《广西农业生物科学》2006,25(Z1):172-177

植物毒素为植物产生的能引起人和动物致病的有毒物质,给人类和环境造成很大危害。微生物降解技术是近年来消除和利用植物毒素的研究热点。文章扼要论述某些植物毒素(单宁、棉酚、生物碱、有毒甙类)的微生物降解与利用,探讨进一步研究的重点与方向。  相似文献   

毒素胁迫对紫茎泽兰挥发物的影响     

张红玉  杨斌  何月秋 《草业科学》2011,28(8):1461-1466

本研究通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪（GC MS）分别检测了紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）新鲜叶片、松针褐斑病菌（Lecanosticta acicola）毒素胁迫紫茎泽兰离体叶片、松针褐斑病菌毒素胁迫紫茎泽兰植株离体叶片的挥发性化合物的组分。结果表明,1）3种不同处理所得挥发物组分分别为39、60和53种。2）不同处理所得挥发性化合物在组分类型和数量上存在差异。毒素胁迫可诱导紫茎泽兰产生多种具有抑菌杀虫活性的组分,意味着毒素胁迫提高了紫茎泽兰的化学防御能力。3）毒素胁迫不仅单方面影响紫茎泽兰挥发物的释放,还可能对其化学防御的其他环节存在影响。研究毒素对紫茎泽兰诱导防御的影响,有益于寻找防控外来入侵杂草的有效途径。  相似文献   

灰霉菌及其胞外大分子对不同植物的伤害鉴定     

胡海林  董琼娥  吴嘉  霍达  王云月  杨红玉 《安徽农业科学》2013,(12):5283-5285

[目的]探究灰霉菌及其胞外大分子毒素对不同植物的伤害情况。[方法]以灰霉菌分生孢子及其分泌的胞外大分子毒素为试验材料,选取21科29属30种植物为供试植物,观察了灰霉菌对其侵染性以及灰霉菌分泌至培养液中的大分子毒素对其伤害情况。[结果]30种供试植物中既被灰霉菌侵染又被毒素损害的植物有17种,占全部植物的56.7%;有2种植物均不能被灰霉菌侵染也不能被毒素伤害。[结论]为进一步了解植物病原真菌毒素致病机制提供了借鉴。  相似文献   

Shellfish Toxins Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels     

Fan Zhang  Xunxun Xu  Tingting Li  Zhonghua Liu 《Marine drugs》2013,11(12):4698-4723

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play a central role in the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable neurons and other cells and are targeted by commonly used local anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, and anticonvulsants. They are also common targets of neurotoxins including shellfish toxins. Shellfish toxins are a variety of toxic secondary metabolites produced by prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic dinoflagellates in both marine and fresh water systems, which can accumulate in marine animals via the food chain. Consumption of shellfish toxin-contaminated seafood may result in potentially fatal human shellfish poisoning. This article provides an overview of the structure, bioactivity, and pharmacology of shellfish toxins that act on VGSCs, along with a brief discussion on their pharmaceutical potential for pain management.  相似文献   

Exposure to the Neurotoxic Dinoflagellate,Alexandrium catenella,Induces Apoptosis of the Hemocytes of the Oyster,Crassostrea gigas     

Walid Medhioub  Simon Ramondenc  Audrey Sophie Vanhove  Agnes Vergnes  Estelle Masseret  Veronique Savar  Zouher Amzil  Mohamed Laabir  Jean Luc Rolland 《Marine drugs》2013,11(12):4799-4814

This study assessed the apoptotic process occurring in the hemocytes of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, exposed to Alexandrium catenella, a paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) producer. Oysters were experimentally exposed during 48 h to the toxic algae. PSTs accumulation, the expression of 12 key apoptotic-related genes, as well as the variation of the number of hemocytes in apoptosis was measured at time intervals during the experiment. Results show a significant increase of the number of hemocytes in apoptosis after 29 h of exposure. Two pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and Bax-like) implicated in the mitochondrial pathway were significantly upregulated at 21 h followed by the overexpression of two caspase executor genes (caspase-3 and caspase-7) at 29 h, suggesting that the intrinsic pathway was activated. No modulation of the expression of genes implicated in the cell signaling Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain (FADD) and initiation-phase (caspase-2) was observed, suggesting that only the extrinsic pathway was not activated. Moreover, the clear time-dependent upregulation of five (Bcl2, BI-1, IAP1, IAP7B and Hsp70) inhibitors of apoptosis-related genes associated with the return to the initial number of hemocytes in apoptosis at 48 h of exposure suggests the involvement of strong regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis occurring in the hemocytes of the Pacific oyster.  相似文献