China's alfalfa market and imports: Development,trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations          下载免费PDF全文

Qingbin WANG  ZOU Yang 《农业科学学报》2020,19(4):1149-1158

This study examines the development and trends of China's alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China's alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China's rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons (mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China's alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.  相似文献   

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice     

Yun Wang  Yunlong Pang  Kai Chen  Laiyuan Zhai  Congcong Shen  Shu Wang  Jianlong Xu 《作物学报(英文版)》2020,(1):119-131

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.  相似文献   

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme          下载免费PDF全文

YU Xiao-jing  CHEN Qi  SHI Wen-cong  GAO Zheng  SUN Xiao  DONG Jing-jing  LI Juan  WANG Heng-tao  GAO Jian-guo  LIU Zhi-guang  ZHANG Min 《农业科学学报》2022,21(3):840-854

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus (P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood.  In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons (2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high (30.36 mg kg^–1) and low (9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize (Pwm) along with a reduced P fertilizer application only to wheat (Pw).  The microbial community structure along with soil P availability parameters and crop yield were determined.  The results showed that the Pw treatment reduces the annual P input by 33.3% without affecting the total yield for at least two consecutive years as compared with the Pwm treatment in the high Olsen-P soil.  Soil water-soluble P concentrations in the Pw treatment were similar to those in the Pwm treatment at the 12-leaf collar stage when maize requires the most P.  Furthermore, the soil P content significantly affected soil microbial communities, especially fungal communities.  Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of Pw were significantly higher (by 11.4 and 13.3%) than those of Pwm in soil with high Olsen-P.  The microfloral contribution to yield was greater than that of soil P content in soil with high Olsen-P.  Relative abundances of Bacillus and Rhizobium were enriched in the Pw treatment compared with the Pwm treatment.  Bacillus showed a significant positive correlation with acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, and Rhizobium displayed significant positive correlations with ACP and ALP in soil with high Olsen-P, which may enhance P availability.  Our findings suggested that the application of P fertilization only to wheat is practical in high P soils to ensure optimal production in the wheat and maize double cropping system and that the soil P availability and microbial community may collaborate to maintain optimal yield in a wheat–maize double cropping system.  相似文献   

柯拉斯那沉香化学成分分析     

王红妮  董文化  梅文莉  李薇  盖翠娟  戴好富 《热带生物学报》2016,(1):111-116

为了研究瑞香科沉香属植物柯拉斯那(Aquilaria crassna)沉香的化学成分,采用硅胶柱色谱,Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等进行分离纯化。结果表明:从其乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到10个化合物,运用波谱学方法分别鉴定为:2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(1),6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(2),2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(3),6-甲氧基-2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(4),6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(5),5-羟基-6-甲氧基-2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(6),6-甲氧基-2-[2-(3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯)乙基]色酮(7),6-甲氧基-2-[2-(3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(8),6-羟基-2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(9)和6-羟基-2-[2-(3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(10)。化合物2~10为首次从柯拉斯那沉香中分离得到。活性测试结果显示化合物4,5,7和8对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。  相似文献   

Cu2+对蚯蚓和家兔AChE毒性研究     

张轶辉  崔小伟  毕亚玲  王波 《安徽农业科学》2011,39(25):15342-15344

采用体外试验方法,以蚯蚓和家兔为研究对象,分别测定了Cu2＋对二者AChE的半抑制浓度（IC50）和双分子速率Ki。结果表明,在抑制时间为10 min时Cu2＋对蚯蚓AChE和家兔脑部AChE的IC50分别为3.6和2.4 mmol/L;在IC50浓度的Cu2＋作用下,Cu2＋对家兔脑部AChE的Ki值较大,为Cu2＋对蚯蚓AChE的3.59倍,表明家兔脑部AChE较蚯蚓AchE对Cu2＋更为敏感。  相似文献   

甲氰菊酯对尼罗罗非鱼组织乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷胱甘肽活性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

谭娟  尚蕾  肖雅元 《淡水渔业》2011,41(3):39-42,21

用急性染毒法研究6种浓度(0、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.5 μg/L)的甲氰菊酯对(34.89±9.99)g的尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)分别处理6、12、24、48、96 h后,其组织内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷胱甘肽( GSH)的动态变化.结果显示:AChE活性在...  相似文献   

北京地区家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶不敏感基因表现型的检测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

汪中明  高希武  郑炳宗 《农药学学报》2001,3(3):29-34

在1998～1999年对北京地区室外家蝇种群乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)的不敏感基因表现型进行了检测。以敏感品系为标准 ,海淀区 (A)、海淀区 (B)、丰台区、朝阳区家蝇种群具有的对敌敌畏不敏感基因表现型频率分别为 11%、34%、56%和24% ;对灭多威不敏感基因表现型频率为4%、4%、8%和20 %。ACh E对敌敌畏和灭多威的不敏感基因表现型 ,北京地区家蝇可分成4种 :1)对敌敌畏和灭多威均敏感型 ;2 )对敌敌畏不敏感 ,对灭多威敏感型 ;3)对敌敌畏敏感 ,对灭多威不敏感型 ;4 )对敌敌畏和灭多威均不敏感型。目前 ,在北京地区以对敌敌畏和灭多威均敏感的 ACh E表现型为主 ,其次为第二种类型 ,第三和第四种类型的频率不高。  相似文献   

黄绿绿僵菌对马铃薯瓢虫体内脯活性的影响     

郭艳琼  李友莲 《植物保护》2007,33(3):39-42

对感染黄绿绿僵菌后的马铃薯瓢虫幼虫体内几种酶进行测定，结果表明：黄绿绿僵菌对于马铃薯瓢虫幼虫体内的蛋白质含量、蛋白酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性，都有不同程度的影响，其中对蛋白含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的影响较大。  相似文献   

甲酸乙酯对米象乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

唐培安  邓永学  王进军 《植物保护》2007,33(1):44-47

报道了甲酸乙酯对米象[Sitophilus oryzae(Linnaeus)]乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的活性影响,甲酸乙酯对米象表现出很高的毒力,25℃下熏蒸处理24 h的LC₅₀为28.65μL/L。亚致死剂量的甲酸乙酯可以使米象成虫体内AChE的比活力显著下降,用20μL/L的浓度处理24 h,AChE的比活力由15.684 nmol/mg.min下降至9.530 nmol/mg.min;酶动力学研究表明,甲酸乙酯可使米象成虫体内AChE的K_m值明显增加。对于羧酸酯酶,在活体条件下表现为先抑制后激活的规律,离体条件下则主要表现为抑制作用,且随着药剂浓度的增大抑制率也增大。  相似文献   

Failure criterion for timber beams loaded in bending,compression and shear     

《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(1):41-49

Abstract

Based on the elastic–plastic strength calculation, necessary for precise data explanation, a derivation is given of the failure criterion for combined bending, compression and shear. This exact limit state criterion should replace the unacceptable unsafe criteria of Eurocode 5 (EN 1995-1-1:2004). It is shown that the principle used thus far, of limited “flow” in axial compression as a determining failure criterion, for example, predicting no influence of a size effect, does not hold. Instead, it is derived and confirmed by the data that bending tension failure is always determining, showing the existence of a size effect, and correction of the existing calculation method is therefore necessary. Because of the primary importance of the size effect for the strengths, also for combined bending–compression, a simple derivation of the size effect design equations is given and discussed in an appendix.  相似文献