Detection of protease genes in field soil applied with liquid livestock feces and speculation on their function and origin     

Katsuji WATANABE 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2009,55(1):42-52

The origin of soil protease in field soil was estimated using culture-dependent and independent approaches. Overall soil protease activity was much higher in field soils with an annual application of liquid livestock feces (120 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 600 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared with the activity recorded in other field soils, and the character of the soil proteases became highly homogeneous (approximately 70% metalloprotease in a 600 t field). Selective incubation studies suggested that bacteria were the most important source of soil protease. There were significantly higher correlations between serratial metalloprotease and the overall soil protease in both feces-applied fields in terms of the effect of inhibitors, and the bacteria, which produced serratial metalloprotease, were suggested to proliferate in both the 120 t and 600 t fields. The gene homologous to serratial metalloprotease gene was amplified in directly extracted DNA from field soils using selective DNA primer and proteolytic Serratia marcescens was certified to be one source of soil protease in these field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens and its metalloprotease gene have occasionally been isolated and detected in field soils applied with raw feces, and have rarely been isolated or detected from other field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens is believed to be introduced in the raw feces and subsequently colonizes the field soil and replaces the indigenous bacteria in the soil.  相似文献   

Exogenous protease supplementation of poultry by‐product meal‐based diets for broilers: Effects on growth,carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility          下载免费PDF全文

T. Mahmood  M. A. Mirza  H. Nawaz  M. Shahid 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(1):e233-e241

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three levels (0%, 3% and 6%) of poultry by‐product meal (PBM) with or without protease on broiler growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 35 days. Two hundred and forty birds (n = 240) were fed equi‐caloric and equi‐nitrogenous (ME 2850 kcal/kg; CP 20%) diets throughout the experiment. The enzyme supplementation increased feed intake (p < .01) and body weight gain (p < .01), but feed:gain remained unaffected (p > .05) from 1 to 21 days. Increasing level of PBM decreased feed intake (p < .05), but body weight gain was improved (p < .05) at 3% PBM level during 1 to 21 days. The feed:gain was improved (p < .05) in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM. The feed:gain was also improved in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM from 1 to 35 days. However, feed intake and body weight gain in birds fed diets containing PBM remained unaffected. An interaction (p < .01) on feed intake between enzyme and PBM was noticed during 1 to 21 days. However, no interaction was recorded for body weight gain and feed:gain. The per cent carcass yield improved (p < .01) in birds fed diets supplemented with enzyme. The per cent breast meat yield was depressed (p < .005) in birds fed diets containing PBM. Apparent metabolizable energy (p < .001), nitrogen retention (p < .01), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (p < .001), and apparent digestibility coefficient for nitrogen (p < .01) improved in birds fed diets containing enzyme; however, a reverse was noticed in those fed diets containing only PBM. In conclusion, inclusion of 3% PBM along with supplementation of exogenous protease improved performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers.  相似文献   

新型酸性亮蓝染色剂对蚕丝的染色匀度试验(英文)     

KADHAR A K M  HARIRAJ G  ROY S  SOMASHEKAR T H 《蚕业科学》2009,35(2)

新型酸性亮蓝是目前纺织印染的流行染色剂。用不均匀性指数对染色匀度进行分级,研究了该染色剂不同色度对蚕丝染色匀度的影响。以该染色剂的14个色度对蚕丝进行染色,测定各色度染液处理蚕丝的反光值(用K/S值表示),结果发现该染色剂对蚕丝染色的不均匀性指数在所有色度水平下并不是恒定的,染色均匀性在染色剂色度为1.5%时开始出现,其后随着色度增加染色匀度也越来越好,到染色剂色度为4%时染色匀度最好,之后染色匀度又变差。  相似文献   

几种用于光学显微镜观测的桑叶表皮整体制片方法比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

梁维  杨晓红  陈吉裕  周志钦 《蚕业科学》2009,35(1)

为了简便而快速制作适用于光学显微镜观测的桑叶表皮标本,采用不同方法分别对桑叶表皮进行整体制片后于光学显微镜下观察其形态特征,比较制片效果。结果表明:用直接剥离法、煮沸剥离法和离析法制作的桑叶表皮标本在光学显微镜下均呈现出清晰结构,桑叶表皮气孔器开张的纵径和横径基本一致,其中离析法制作标本的桑叶表皮的气孔呈阔椭圆形,气孔器面积显著大于直接剥离法和煮沸剥离法制作标本的检测数据,最接近桑树成熟叶片气孔器充分开张时的面积值。因此认为,离析法最适用于桑叶表皮整体制片,该方法定位性能强,操作简便且效率高。  相似文献   

苜蓿草粉对禾花鲤蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性影响的研究     

张春梅  施传信  王成章  何云  刘圈炜 《草业科学》2009,26(5):128-134

选取来源一致、规格整齐的2龄禾花鲤1 200尾,采用单因子完全随机设计,分为5个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复80尾鱼,分置于15个试验池中。各处理苜蓿Medicago sativa草粉的添加量分别为0（对照组）、40（试验Ⅰ组）、80（试验Ⅱ组）、120（试验Ⅲ组）和160 g/kg（试验Ⅳ组）,正试期50 d,观测苜蓿草粉对禾花鲤前、中、后肠及肝胰脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明：1）添加苜蓿草粉对前肠蛋白酶活性有显著影响 (P<0.05),其中试验II组显著高于对照组和试验Ⅳ组,但和试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组差异不显著 (P>0.05)。添加苜蓿草粉对中、后肠及肝胰脏蛋白酶活性均无显著影响 (P>0.05),但它们有相同的变化趋势,即试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鱼的蛋白酶活性均高于对照组。2）鲤鱼的前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶活性依次减弱,而肝胰脏的蛋白酶活性远低于肠道。3）添加苜蓿草粉后前肠及中肠淀粉酶活性比较,试验II组显著高于对照组 (P<0.05),其余各组与对照组差异不显著 (P>0.05),后肠淀粉酶活性与对照组无显著差异 (P>0.05)。添加苜蓿草粉能提高鲤鱼肝胰脏淀粉酶活性,其中试验Ⅱ组显著高于对照组 (P<0.05),其余试验组与对照组无显著差异 (P>0.05)。4）禾花鲤前、中、后肠及肝胰脏4部分淀粉酶的活性有较大的不同,肝胰脏>后肠>中肠>前肠。  相似文献   

Effects of maturity stage and feeding strategy of whole crop barley silage on intake, digestibility and milk production in dairy cows     

Johanna Wallsten  Kjell Martinsson 《Livestock Science》2009,121(2-3):155-161

Five diets containing concentrate, grass silage and whole crop barley silage (WCBS) harvested at different maturity stages were fed to 15 multiparous dairy cows in an incomplete change-over design over three periods. Three diets contained 10.7 kg dry matter (DM) concentrate, 4 kg DM grass silage, and ad libitum access to WCBS harvested at either the heading stage (B1), the early milk stage (B2) or the early dough stage (B3) of maturity. The other two diets contained 10.7 kg DM concentrate, whereas grass silage and WCBS at heading were mixed at two different ratios with a DM content of WCBS of either 0.30 (M1) or 0.70 (M2), and the mixtures were fed ad libitum. Intakes of DM (kg day^− 1: B1 = 21.0, B2 = 20.6 and B3 = 20.0) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; kg day^− 1: B1 = 7.0, B2 = 6.4 and B3 = 6.3) decreased, whereas starch intake increased (kg day^− 1: B1 = 3.1, B2 = 3.5 and B3 = 4.0) with increasing maturity at harvest. The apparent organic matter (OM) digestibility (g kg^− 1: B1 = 800, B2 = 774 and B3 = 729) decreased with increasing maturity stage, and consequently so did the digestible OM intake. Milk (kg day^− 1: B1 = 27.2, B2 = 26.1 and B3 = 25.9) and energy corrected milk (ECM; kg day^− 1: B1 = 31.0, B2 = 29.4 and B3 = 28.2) yields, and protein concentration (g kg^− 1: B1 = 37.1, B2 = 36.4 and B3 = 36.0) decreased with increasing maturity stage of the WCBS. When cows were fed diet B3 the milk fat concentration decreased (46.4 g kg^− 1) compared to diets B1 (49.3 g kg^− 1) and B2 (49.4 g kg^− 1). The difference in ECM yield between diets B1 and B3 was due to a combined effect of lower milk yield, and lower protein and fat concentrations. This was caused by the higher starch and lower NDF intakes with diet B3, which decreased the milk fat concentration. Moreover, a lower energy intake of diet B3 due to lower OM digestibility decreased milk protein concentration and milk yield. Mixing WCBS at the heading stage with grass silage (M2) decreased digestibility, compared to feeding the forages separately (B1). However, the differences were small and may be a result of soil contamination at harvest of some of the silages, which made the method with using incomplete faecal collection and internal marker acid insoluble ash less reliable. Including WCBS at the heading stage at 0.30 or 0.70 of forage DM did not affect DM intake or diet digestibility, probably because the grass silage in the study was very similar in energy content to the WCBS harvested at heading.  相似文献   

3种微生态制剂的氨基酸组成及对鲤鱼消化酶活性的影响^*     

杜宣  周国勤  茆健强 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,21(3):351-354

 采用HPLC法分析了枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌和复合微生态制剂的氨基酸含量,这3种不同的微生态制剂的氨基酸含量分别为53.2g/100g干基,56.4g/100g干基,59.5g/100g干基。在统一饵料的基础上,分别按0.1%,0.2%和0.5%添加纳豆芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和复合微生态制剂养殖鲤鱼45d,分析了鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性。结果表明,添加纳豆芽孢杆菌0.1%~0.5%的试验组能显著地提高鲤鱼肠道蛋白酶的活性,0.1%和0.2%剂量组可显著地提高鲤鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶的活性,0.1%剂量组可较显著地提高鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏的淀粉酶的活性。枯草芽孢杆菌对鱼类消化酶的影响作用与纳豆芽孢杆菌不尽相同,其0.1%~0.5%试验组对鲤鱼肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶均有较显著的提高作用,但对鱼类肝胰脏的消化酶活力影响不大。相对于蛋白酶而言,枯草芽孢杆菌对鲤鱼肠道淀粉酶活力的提高更为有效。复合微生态制剂0.1%~0.5%的各试验组能显著地提高鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活力,其对鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活力的提高率要优于单一菌种的微生态制剂。复合微生态制剂作为水产养殖生物的饵料添加剂使用,应根据不同食性的鱼类和不同的饵料组成加以选择和组配,合理的添加量在0.1%~0.2%之间为宜。  相似文献   

酸性土壤胁迫下丹波黑大豆和云南小黑豆生理特性研究     

钱绍方  陈丽梅  陈宣钦  玉永雄  李昆志 《大豆科学》2011,30(6):941-945

以酸性土壤耐受能力差异明显的2个大豆品种丹波黑大豆和云南小黑豆为材料,分别在pH 4.55的黄壤、pH5.60的红壤和pH 7.14的正常土壤上盆栽种植,于出苗后50 d观察生长状况并测定根和叶的主要生理指标,研究大豆对酸性土壤胁迫的耐受生理机理.结果表明:在弱酸和强酸性土壤上丹波黑大豆都能形成根瘤、生长良好,而云南小...  相似文献   

芝麻蛋白酶水解条件的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

肖扬  段玉峰  丁红军 《农产品加工．学刊》2009,(6)

对芝麻蛋白的酶水解工艺进行了初步研究,结果为:①通过比较,选用木瓜蛋白酶为酶解芝麻蛋白制备功能性短肽的专用酶,其工艺参数为:底物质量浓度9.0 g/L,酶添加量20.0%,pH值6.5,温度50℃,时间6 h,在此工艺下得到的酶解产物的抗氧化活性最高,对邻苯三酚自氧化的抑制率为35.6%;②酶解前的热处理可以提高酶水解的效果,最佳的热处理条件是将蛋白溶液在90℃下加热10 min。  相似文献   

Effect of simulated acid fog on membrane-bound calcium (mCa) in fir (Abies firma) and cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) mesophyll cells     

Ado Shigihara  Yuiko Matsumura  Kiyoshi Matsumoto  Manabu Igawa 《Journal of Forest Research》2009,14(3):188-192

The decline of virgin fir (Abies firma) forest at Mt. Oyama has been reported. Related field observations suggest that high acidity fog is linked with its decline. However, cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in the same area shows no symptoms of decline. For assessing effects of acid fog on membrane-bound calcium (mCa) of the leaf mesophyll cells, 9-year-old seedlings of fir (Abies firma) and 8-year-old seedlings of cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were exposed twice a week to simulated acid fog (SAF at pH 3 with pH 5 as control) for 2 h per day in a chamber during May–December 2007 (except August). Current and 1-year-old needles were collected from seedlings and analyzed at 1-month intervals. For current-year needles of fir, mCa levels in cells exposed to SAF at pH 3 were significantly lower than in cells exposed to pH 5, especially during September 2007–March 2008. In contrast, it is noteworthy that mCa levels of cedar were maintained as virtually constant irrespective of SAF acidity, indicating that fir is more sensitive to acid fog than is cedar. Based on these results, mCa loss by acid fog might also be caused in the declining virgin fir forest at Mt. Oyama.  相似文献