Comparison of Two Micrometeorological Methods to Determine Ammonia Volatilization from Lagoon Swine Effluent     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1339-1356

Abstract

Three field experiments were conducted to compare the ability of two micrometeorological methods to estimate NH₃ loss from surface‐applied lagoon swine effluent. Both methods employed the use of glass tube NH₃ samplers. The perimeter mast method places glass tube NH₃ samplers on four masts on the perimeter of a circular plot. The center mast method places glass tube NH₃ samplers on one rotating mast fitted with a wind vane placed in the center of the plot. Each experiment consisted of two plots with radii of 7.62 m; one plot served as the treatment plot and received an application of 4,680 L of lagoon swine effluent, the other plot received no lagoon swine effluent and served to measure ambient atmospheric NH₃ levels. A strong linear 1:1 relationship (r²=0.97) existed between the vertical NH₃ flux measured from the treatment plot by the two methods, demonstrating similarities in flux measurements by the two methods.  相似文献   

不同规格及不同盐度下毛蚶稚贝耗氧率和排氨率的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

沈伟良  尤仲杰  施祥元 《海洋水产研究》2008,29(2):53-56

研究了毛蚶稚贝不同规格及不同盐度下的呼吸和排氨率。结果表明,耗氧率随着盐度的升高而升高,当盐度达到30后开始下降。排氨率也表现出相似的规律,在盐度27后开始下降。同时,O∶N值也随着盐度的升高而升高,在盐度30后开始下降。而中等规格(2·41±0·20mm)稚贝的耗氧率和排氨率要高于其余两种规格稚贝,使得规格和耗氧率及排氨率并不形成完全的负相关。  相似文献   

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Barbara Amon  Vitaliy Kryvoruchko  Martina Frhlich  Thomas Amon  Alfred Pllinger  Irene Msenbacher  Anton Hausleitner 《Livestock Science》2007,112(3):199-207

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.  相似文献   

Reduced diet crude protein level, benzoic acid and inulin reduced ammonia, but failed to influence odour emission from finishing pigs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C.F. Hansen  G. Srensen  M. Lyngbye 《Livestock Science》2007,109(1-3):228-231

Intensified pig production is associated with odour and ammonia emissions causing nuisance and environmental concerns. The aim of four experiments was to investigate the effect of different dietary interventions on odour and ammonia emissions from finishing pigs. In exp. 1, diet crude protein levels of 16% and 14% were compared. In exps. 2 and 3, the effect of adding 1% and 3% benzoic acid, respectively, to the diets was studied. In exp. 4, inclusion of 15% inulin in the diet was investigated. All experiments were carried out in two identical climate chambers with three pens. There were 12 pigs per pen in total 36 pigs per chamber. Each dietary treatment was repeated two times. The temperature, ventilation rate and concentrations of NH₃ in the exhaust air were measured every hour. Odour concentration was measured in samples of the exhaust air by olfactometry. Reduced diet crude protein, the addition of 3% benzoic acid and inclusion of 15% inulin reduced ammonia emission by 30%, 57% and 34%, respectively. It was not possible to influence odour emission in any of the experiments.  相似文献   

Effect of fat supplementation on nitrogen utilisation of lambs and nitrogen emission from their manure     

A. Machmüller  D.A. Ossowski  M. Kreuzer 《Livestock Science》2006,101(1-3):159-168

The effects of various fats on nitrogen digestion and metabolism of lambs and their manure were investigated in six isoenergetic diets (n = 6) with similar contents of absorbable protein. Treatments were either a control diet or diets containing 25 g/kg of additional ether extract from rumen-protected fat, coconut oil, rapeseed, sunflower seed or linseed. Fat supplementation resulted in trends for higher apparent nitrogen digestibilities (significant with coconut oil; P < 0.05, post hoc test) and body nitrogen retention (P < 0.1). Urinary nitrogen losses and their proportion of manure nitrogen did not differ significantly among groups as was also true for C / N ratio, dry matter, nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contents of the manure. In the first week of manure storage, most fat supplements tended to decrease gaseous nitrogen emission as assessed by respiration chamber and mass balance measurements. These differences tended to be mitigated after 7 weeks of manure storage. Only the coconut-oil treatment still resulted in numerically lower nitrogen emissions. In conclusion, addition of fat source in the diet, in addition to increasing dietary energy and suppressing methanogenesis, can under certain circumstances decrease gaseous nitrogen emission from the manure.  相似文献   

Transformations of nitrogen-15-labelled urea in a flooded soil as affected by floodwater algae and green manure in a growth chamber   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. S. Thind  D. L. Rowell 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,31(1):53-59

 The effects of floodwater algae and green manure on transformations of ¹⁵N-urea were studied in columns of a sandy loam soil in a growth chamber. The columns were flooded and either kept in the light, to allow algal growth, or in the dark (control) for 17 days before adding the labelled urea. Changes in urea-, NO₃ ^–- and NH₄ ⁺-N levels and the pH of the floodwater were measured over the subsequent 41-day period, during which the control column remained in the dark and those containing algae were maintained either in the dark to cause the death of the algae or in the light. Volatilized NH₃ was monitored, and on termination of the experiment the distribution of ¹⁵N between NO₃ ^–, NH₄ ⁺ and organic forms was measured in the soil. Urea hydrolysis was most rapid in the presence of both living algae and green manure, followed by dead algae, and was slowest in the control. The concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N in the floodwater was, however, reduced in the presence of algae due to assimilation and NH₃ volatilization owing to the raised day-time pH in the floodwater. NH₃ volatilization for the first 10 days was rather high in the columns kept in the light compared to those in the dark. Total volatilization plus denitrification losses were greatest where dead algae were present, owing to the absence of live algae which assimilated more than half of the applied N. Algal growth in floodwater increased the depth of the aerobic soil layer present at the soil-water interface. Subsequently, under dark conditions, stimulated algal growth reduced the depth of the aerobic layer causing less nitrification, which resulted in lower losses of N due to denitrification, i.e. 17% of the applied urea-N as compared to 39% in the light treatments. Although the presence of green manure caused a marked increase in the rate of hydrolysis, algal assimilation prevented excessive N losses via volatilization, indicating that the retention of higher quantities of NH₄ ⁺-N may have increased fertilizer-N use efficiency. Received: 22 January 1999  相似文献   

Effect of amending urea fertilizer with chemical additives on ammonia volatilization loss and nitrogen-use efficiency   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D. Damodar Reddy  K. L. Sharma 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(1):24-27

 Effects of amending urea with pyrite (Py) or potassium chloride (KCl) alone and in combination with copper sulphate (CuSO₄) on NH₃ volatilization and N-use efficiency in an Alfisol were evaluated. NH₃ volatilization from surface-applied urea fertilizers was measured using a closed dynamic air flow system. Kinetics of NH₃ volatilization over a 10-day period showed that the peak rate of NH₃ loss was on day 3 with the unamended urea, whilst it occurred on day 4 with all amended urea fertilizers. Total NH₃ loss from the unamended urea was 48% of the applied N, which was reduced to 38 and 40% with U+Py and U+KCl, respectively. A further reduction in N loss was recorded with U+Py+CuSO₄ (34%) and U+KCl+CuSO₄ (36%). The inhibition of NH₃ with U+Py+CuSO₄ and U+KCl+CuSO₄ was markedly high, at 30 and 25%, respectively. As compared to urea, all amended urea fertilizers resulted in a significantly higher dry matter yield, N uptake and apparent N recovery (ANR) efficiency by sunflower. An increase of 28 and 24% units in ANR over urea could be obtained with U+Py+CuSO₄ and U+KCl+CuSO₄, respectively. Since the chemical additives also have a fertilizer value besides being effective in controlling NH₃ loss from urea and improving N-use efficiency, their use as amendment to urea could be a viable option. Received: 5 August 1999  相似文献   

4种海鞘排泄的初步研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

张继红  方建光  董双林 《海洋水产研究》2000,21(1):31-36

在实验室内对柄海鞘、玻璃海鞘、中国瘤海鞘和史氏菊海鞘的排氨率进行了研究,同时探讨了温度和体重与排氨率的关系。结果表明,温度和体重对海鞘的排氨率有显著的影响。酚海鞘和玻璃海鞘的排氨率与温度呈倒钟形曲线变化趋势,排氨率的最高峰分别出现在２３℃和１８℃。柄海鞘和中国瘤海鞘的单位个体排氨率与体重的关系呈幂函数变化趋势,２３℃时的回归方程分别为：ＱＮ＝５２．６７Ｗ＾０．６６７（Ｒ＾２＝０９８０７）;ＱＮ＝１  相似文献   

紫花苜蓿草地氨挥发损失的原位研究     

王旭刚  郝明德 《草地学报》2005,13(4):291-294

采用密闭通气法研究了紫花苜蓿草地原位氨挥发损失。结果表明,紫花苜蓿(Med icago sativa L)草地分枝期、现蕾期和开花期昼夜都有氨挥发损失;连作苜蓿草地分枝期、现蕾期和开花期的昼夜平均氨挥发速率分别为54.3、111.6和181.9μg/(m²·h);连作苜蓿草地的昼夜氨挥发速率随着生育期的推移迅速增加;施P 26.2 kg/hm²可以降低连作苜蓿草地的氨挥发损失;轮作苜蓿草地分枝期、现蕾期和开花期的昼夜平均氨挥发速率分别为49.2、346.5和149.1μg/(m²·h);轮作改变了氨挥发速率的变化规律,现蕾期比连作高2.1倍,开花期比连作低18.0%。  相似文献   

水质在线自动分析仪测量氨氮的不确定度分析     

蒋奕雄 《安徽农学通报》2014,(12):23-24

通过对氨氮水质在线自动分析仪测定氨氮过程的分析,探讨了测试各环节中可能引入的不确定度分量,并汇总合成得到扩展不确定度,确定了对不确定度贡献最大的因素,为其他类似实验减少误差提供参考。  相似文献