运用生物能量学模型预测草鱼生长、饲料需求和污染排放   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘晓娟  罗伟  王春芳  李大鹏  Dominique BUREAU 《水产学报》2018,42(6):950-967

为预测不同生长阶段草鱼生长性能、饲料需求量和污染排放量,提高草鱼投喂管理水平,本研究运用特定增长率(SGR)、日增长率(DGC)、日均增重(ADG)和热积温系数(TGC)等生长模型计算草鱼在不同生长阶段的生长速率,并通过计算定期采样中实际观测值和预测值最小残差平方和法选出最优生长模型。饲料需求模型通过估算鱼类消化能需求量决定,根据能量收支原理,通过计算鱼体储积能(RE)、基础代谢能(He E)、摄食热增能(Hi E)以及尿液和鳃的代谢能(UE+ZE),来估算草鱼的消化能,再根据所用饲料的消化能含量来确定草鱼对饲料的需求量。草鱼污染物排放主要采用营养物质平衡法计算。在模型验证时,以粗蛋白分别为33%、28%、23%的饲料投喂不同生长阶段的草鱼,将草鱼体质量和饲料系数(FCR)的模型预测值与实际观测值进行比较。结果显示,与其他生长模型(SGR、ADG、DGC)相比,调整后的TGC模型能更精确预测草鱼的生长情况;草鱼体质量和FCR预测值与观测值之间显著相关;每生产1 t鱼(体质量为0.5~2 500 g),其消化能需求量约为1.55×107 k J,消耗1 t饲料或生产1 t鱼所排放的总固态污染物分别为440和623 kg。研究表明,该复合性营养模型可以有效地估计实际养殖中草鱼生长、饲料需求量和污染物排放量,有望为草鱼差异化上市、节省饲料成本、减少饲料浪费以及养殖场的污染评价提供有效的预判工具。  相似文献   

草鱼野生与选育群体遗传变异微卫星分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王沈同  沈玉帮  孟新展  王荣泉  李家乐 《水产学报》2018,42(8):1273-1284

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化,实验采用多重PCR技术对4个野生草鱼群体(邗江、九江、石首、吴江)和2个选育群体(F1和F2)进行了微卫星序列遗传变异分析。结果显示,6个草鱼群体遗传多样性水平较高,2个选育群体除了平均等位基因数外,其他遗传多样性参数均小于4个野生群体。哈迪—温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)检测显示,在120个群体—位点组合中有62个位点显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,62个群体—位点组合中只有11个组合其近交系数值为负值,其余的51个组合的Fis均为正值。6个草鱼群体AMOVA分析结果显示,3.75%的变异来自于群体间,96.25%的变异来自于群体内,整体的遗传分化指数值为0.038。进一步分析各个群体间Fst,只有石首群体与F1、F2群体之间的Fst大于0.05,处于中等分化,其余群体间分化程度较低,且F2群体与4个野生群体之间Fst比F1群体与4个野生群体之间的Fst大。奈氏标准遗传距离分析结果显示,2个选育群体与野生群体之间的遗传距离大于野生群体之间的遗传距离。基于Dn建立的UPGMA系统发育树得出了相同的结果,即2个选育群体与野生群体之间的亲缘关系比4个野生群体之间的亲缘关系要远。研究表明,经过2个世代选育后,相比4个野生群体,2个选育群体遗传多样性虽有部分下降,但仍处于较高的水平,2个选育群体的遗传结构已发生变化,但其遗传分化程度尚不明显。本研究结果为制定出更加完善有效的选育方案提供了重要参考。  相似文献   

不同碳水化合物和蛋白质水平膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、肠道消化酶及血清指标的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡毅  陈云飞  张德洪  陈团  刘波  高启平 《水产学报》2018,42(5):777-786

为探究不同碳水化合物和蛋白质水平膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、体成分、肠道消化酶和血清指标的影响,以初始体质量(398.6±5.9)g的大规格草鱼为研究对象,设置不同碳水化合物/蛋白质水平分别为C31P30、C34P28、C37P26、C40P24、C43P22、C46P20、C49P18的7组膨化饲料,养殖周期为16周。实验结果显示,各饲料组草鱼成活率(SR)差异不显著,随着蛋白质水平的下降、碳水化合物水平的升高,增重率(WGR)呈下降趋势,蛋白质效率(PER)呈升高趋势;肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、肠体比(ISI)、肌肉和肝脏粗脂肪(CF)含量均有随饲料碳水化合物水平升高而升高的趋势。随着饲料中碳水化合物水平升高、蛋白质水平下降,各组间草鱼肌肉粗蛋白质(CP)含量无显著差异;肝糖原、肌糖原含量呈升高趋势,饲料中碳水化合物水平分别高于46%和40%时,肝糖原、肌糖原含量显著升高。肠道胰蛋白酶(PRS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性随饲料中碳水化合物水平的升高呈先下降后升高趋势,脂肪酶(LPS)活性呈升高趋势;血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量及谷草转氨酶与丙转氨酶(GOT/GPT)比值都随饲料中碳水化合物水平升高和蛋白质水平下降而呈升高的趋势。本实验结果显示:当饲料碳水化合物水平高于37%、蛋白质水平低于26%时,将显著影响草鱼的生长,饲料中高碳水化合物水平将导致鱼体肝体比、脏体比、肠体比以及肌肉和肝脏脂肪含量升高。  相似文献   

Effects of dietary selenium on growth performance and oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus          下载免费PDF全文

L.W. Liu  X.‐F. Liang  J. Li  J.G. Fang  X.C. Yuan  J. Li  M.S. Alam 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2018,24(4):1296-1303

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (Se) on feed intake, weight gain and antioxidant activity in juvenile grass carp (11.2 ± 0.03 g). Six Se levels (0.13, 0.41, 0.56, 1.12, 2.18 and 4.31 mg/kg) of semi‐purified diets were assayed in triplicate. The maximum weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake were obtained in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was markedly increased when dietary Se ≤1.12 mg/kg diet and reached a plateau when dietary Se ≥1.12 mg/kg diet. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and serum catalase activities in juvenile grass carp fed with 0.56, 1.12 and 2.18 mg Se/kg diets were all significantly higher than those in the other groups. The malondialdehyde content in liver and serum was firstly decreased and then increased with increasing dietary Se content, and the lowest content was observed in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. With the increase in Se level, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were reduced. In addition, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin content were highest in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. This study indicated that both the Se deficiency and excess of Se caused negative effect on the oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp and suggested that the health‐giving concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 1.12 mg/kg diet. Moreover, based on the broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain, the optimal concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 0.83 mg/kg for juvenile grass carp.  相似文献   

Effects of supplemental phytic acid on the apparent digestibility and utilization of dietary amino acids and minerals in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)          下载免费PDF全文

L.W. Liu  X.‐F. Liang  J. Li  X.C. Yuan  J.G. Fang 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2018,24(2):850-857

A feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of supplemental phytic acid (PA) on the apparent digestibility and utilization of dietary amino acids (AAs) and minerals in juvenile grass carp. Five experimental diets consisted of graded levels of PA (0.2, 4.7, 9.5, 19.1 and 38.3 g kg^?1, named as P0, P5, P10, P20 and P40). Triplicate groups of fish (initial weight, 22.37 ± 0.16 g) were fed twice daily (08:00 and 16:00 h). The crude protein content in whole body significantly (p < .05) decreased in fish fed with 19.1 and 38.3 g PA kg^?1 diet. Supplemental PA (>4.7 g kg^?1) significantly reduced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of AAs (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, Pro, His and Arg) and the ADC of minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in grass carp. The contents of minerals (P, Ca, Mg and Zn) in whole body and bone were also found to be significantly reduced in dietary PA > 4.7 g kg^?1, while the bone ash, serum Alkp and Zn contents were found to be significantly decreased when the PA supplementation level was above 9.5 g kg^?1, and the contents of serum Ca and Mg were found to be markedly altered in higher PA‐supplemented groups. The results indicated that supplemental PA decreased the apparent digestibility and utilization of AAs and minerals, and thus reduced the feed utilization of grass carp, suggesting that the level of total PA should be below 4.7 g kg^?1 in grass carp diet.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization and nutritional regulation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)          下载免费PDF全文

F. Qu  J. Tang  R. Hu  G. Hao  Y. Zhou  S. Lu  Q. Zhao  C. You  Y. Li  Z. Zhou  Z. Liu 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2018,24(3):940-951

  相似文献   

种青养鱼模式下的草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

程辉辉  谢从新  李大鹏  肖业红  田兴  陈洁  汤蓉  亓成龙  马玲巧 《水产学报》2016,40(7):1050-1059

为探究种青养鱼养殖模式对草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性的影响,随机选取以种青喂草为主养殖模式下养殖的草鱼(生态草鱼)和投喂人工配合饲料进行养殖的草鱼(饲料草鱼)各16尾,测定其肌肉系水力和质构特性指标,以及肌肉常规营养成分、矿物元素、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果显示,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肝体比和空壳率无显著性差异;生态草鱼肌肉系水力指标中滴水损失显著低于饲料草鱼,冷冻渗出率不显著地低于饲料草鱼,失水率不显著地高于饲料草鱼,p H值无显著性差异;肌肉的硬度、弹性、凝聚性、胶黏性和回复性均无显著性差异;生态草鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于饲料草鱼,水分、灰分、粗蛋白含量均无显著性差异;生态草鱼P和Fe含量均显著高于饲料草鱼,Mg、Mn和Cr含量均极显著高于饲料草鱼;生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸总量分别为6.85%和6.27%。生态草鱼必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为76.07,而饲料草鱼为77.29,饲料草鱼略高于生态草鱼。生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉均含19种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、花生四烯酸(ARA)、亚油酸(LA)、油酸、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和硬脂酸含量较高,为主要脂肪酸,而花生五烯酸(EPA)+DHA含量分别为8.95%和10.70%,且差异显著。研究表明,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼在肌肉质构特性方面无显著性差异,与饲料草鱼相比,生态草鱼具有肌肉系水力强、低脂肪和矿物元素含量高的特点。  相似文献   

盐酸小檗碱对草鱼补体系统及补体c3作用的研究     

彭耀宗  周霞  韩冰  黄涛  黄利挂  李学刚 《淡水渔业》2016,(2)

为了探究盐酸小檗碱(berberine hydrochloride)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)补体c3的作用机理,用含0、0.06%、0.12%、0.24%盐酸小檗碱饲料投喂草鱼,在第7 d、14 d检测血清中补体c3含量,在第14 d检测肝脏中补体c3 mRNA表达量及急性感染嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)后存活情况。并进一步对盐酸小檗碱体内药代动力学和补体消耗试验进行了研究。结果显示;摄食盐酸小檗碱的草鱼血清中补体c3含量和肝脏补体c3 mRNA表达量均显著性增加(P0.05/P0.05),草鱼的存活率与对照组相比也有显著性提高(P0.01)。补体消耗试验结果显示,当盐酸小檗碱在血清中浓度小于5 mg/L时与对照组相比补体消耗不显著,当盐酸小檗碱浓度大于5 mg/L时,补体消耗达到显著性差异(P0.05),表明此时盐酸小檗碱与补体c3直接结合,激活补体。药代动力学实验发现,灌服盐酸小檗碱后,出现双峰现象,两峰值分别是0.243 mg/L和0.117 mg/L,此浓度远远低于与补体c3直接结合量最低量(5 mg/L)。结果表明,盐酸小檗碱对草鱼补体c3的作用机理可能是通过上调补体c3mRNA的表达增加补体c3数量,而非通过直接结合补体c3来改变其活性。  相似文献   

盐渍和干燥工艺处理对风味草鱼块品质的影响     

耿胜荣  曹欣欣  李新  白婵  李海蓝  组晓艳  廖涛 《湖北农业科学》2016,(21):5598-5601

以新鲜草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)块为原料,研究腌渍浓度和干燥温度对鱼肉品质、质构和菌落总数的影响。结果表明,高温季节,传统的低盐腌渍低温干燥引起挥发性物质和菌落总数大幅度增加,鱼肉腐败迅速。腌渍浓度从2%提升至5%,相同盐分含量的鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量从15.24mg/100 g降至10.39 mg/100 g;菌落总数从20×105 CFU/g降至9×105 CFU/g。干燥温度从50℃提高至100℃,相同干燥时间水分蒸发率从19.12%升高至50.00%以上,同时TVB-N含量从20.364 mg/100 g降至14.000 mg/100 g以下;菌落总数从46.6×105 CFU/g降至5.0×105 CFU/g。盐分和水分的快速迁移以及腌渍时间和干燥时间的大幅度缩短是高盐和高温干燥保持腌渍鱼肉较好品质的机理。  相似文献   

Characterization of the bacterial community associated with early‐developmental stages of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)          下载免费PDF全文

Weiwei Wang  Shangong Wu  Yingzhen Zheng  Yingyin Cheng  Wenxiang Li  Hong Zou  Guitang Wang 《Aquaculture Research》2015,46(11):2728-2735

Bacterial communities in eggs and larvae of grass carp were analysed. During the early‐developmental stages, grass carp harboured five bacterial phyla, i.e. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and Firmicutes. However, the composition of bacterial communities varied among the different developmental stages. In eggs, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, while in larvae the dominant bacterial community was Bacterioidetes. With the exception of a large proportion (>50%) of uncultured bacteria, Sphingobacterium (14.75%) and Acinetobacter (13.11%) were the most abundant groups in eggs at the fertilization stage (FS). However, Aermonas was the most abundant group, ranging from 40.54% to 61.76% in eggs at the cleavage (CS), blastula (BS), organ differentiation (ODS) and hatching stages (HS). In larvae after first ingestion (OW), Chitinophagaceae (79.41%) formed the predominant bacterial community. Changes in the bacterial community were further confirmed by statistical analysis, which demonstrated significant differences in the bacterial communities of eggs at FS, eggs from CS to HS and OW. However, no significant difference was found in bacterial communities of eggs from CS to HS. Furthermore, the present study revealed that bacteria related to Chitinophagaceae persisted from CS to OW, suggesting that these bacteria form part of the autochthonous microbiota of the fish.  相似文献