水肥(氮)对小麦生理生态的影响 (Ⅰ)水肥 (氮 )条件对小麦光合蒸腾与水分利用的影响   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

李卫民  周凌云 《土壤通报》2004,35(2):136-142

光合速率在日出后随着光强的增强而急速升高,4月20日是小麦光合最强。净光合速率日变化随施氮量的增加而下降,水胁迫处理显著低于高水处理;不同时段变化净光合速率随施氮量和土壤含水量的增加而增加,但总的趋势是降低的。小麦蒸腾速率日变化总体趋势是在日出后随着光强的增强而急速升高、随光强的减弱而降低。小麦蒸腾速率日变化曲线为单峰型,中午最高。叶片蒸腾速率日变化随土壤水分供应增加而增加,随氮肥供应增加而下降;不同供水供氮条件下,叶片蒸腾速率的分异在日中尤其是上午比较明显。蒸腾速率从4月10日一直呈现下降趋势。小麦叶片水分利用率日变化曲线为"L"型,即早上较高,中午和下午都非常低。4月20日叶片水分利用率最高,5月10日最低。叶片对不同土壤水分和氮控制的反映为高氮低水高水分利用率,反之,则水分利用率较低。不同水、氮在上午对叶片水分利用率影响差异比较明显,下午则趋于一致。  相似文献   

针型电容法测量谷物含水率的研究     

韩吉田  归柯庭  王济浩  施明恒 《农业工程学报》1996,12(1):157-160

采用针型电容传感器和测量电路,并采取减小介质损耗的有效措施,研制了测量谷物含水率的针型电容法。实验结果表明,在谷物含水率与输出电压间具有良好的线性关系。该方法具有较高灵敏度、稳定性和良好的动态特性,完全可以满足谷物含水率的测量要求,为谷物含水率的准确、快速和在线测量提供了一种有效的方法。  相似文献   

太行山前平原高产农区土壤水分特征及农田节水潜力   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张喜英  由懋正 《中国生态农业学报》1996,4(2):63-68

根据连续4年对非耕地和田间土壤水分的测定，分析了太行山前平原高产农区土壤水分的变化规律，并根据该区主要作物冬小麦和夏玉米的需水规律，提出了农田节水潜力的两个方面。  相似文献   

温敏水稻叶色突变体的研究   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18  

舒庆尧  刘贵付  夏英武 《核农学报》1996,10(1):0-0

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DNA contents inPaspalum spp. determined by flow cytometry     

R. L. Jarret  P. Ozias-Akins  S. Phatak  R. Nadimpalli  R. Duncan  S. Hiliard 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1995,42(3):237-242

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Effect of molecular complexity and acidity of earthworm faeces humic fractions on glutamate dehydrogenase,glutamine synthetase,and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Daucus carota α II cells     

A. Muscolo  M. R. Panuccio  M. R. Abenavoli  G. Concheri  S. Nardi 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1996,22(1-2):83-88

Carrot cells were grown in cultures supplemented with two hormones [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP)] and two humic fractions extracted from earthworm faeces, one with high acidity and a low apparent molecular size (<3500) and the other with low acidity and a large molecular size. 2,4-D stimulated growth through an effect on cell enlargement, while the strongly acidic humic fraction (0.2 mg l^-1) and the weakly acidic fraction (1 mg l^-1) were both less effective. With 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the highly acid humic fraction, mainly alone, induced the best increase in protein content; the effect of the weakly acid humic fraction and the hormones was generally less important. The two humic fractions also differed in their influence on glutamate dehydrogenase activity. After 2 h of pretreatment, the highly acidic fraction increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity, while the other fraction did not affect it. After 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the activity of this enzyme was still not influenced by these humic fractions. The presence of the two hormones did not interfere with the humic matter effects. Glutamine synthetase activity was not affected by a pre-incubation of up to 4 h with the two humic fractions, but it was stimulated after 8–16 h of pre-incubation. A 2,4-D+6BAP mixture stimulated glutamine synthetase activity (from +12 to +50%). Again, the presence of the hormones did not interfere with the effects induced by the humic fractions. After 16 h of pre-incubation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was increased by the highly acidic humic fraction (+93%) and by both humic fractions together (+34%). An explanation of the different incubation times necessary for the humic fractions to exert stimulatory effects on these enzymes is proposed here. The regulatory properties of the strongly acidic humic fraction appeared to depend on the combination of high acidity (expecially carboxylic C) with low molecular size.  相似文献   

Enzyme activity and microbial biomass in a field soil amended with municipal refuse   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

P. Perucci 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1992,14(1):54-60

Summary Changes in enzyme activity levels, in biomass-C content, and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were measured in a loamy soil to which solid municipal refuse had been applied as compost over a 3-year period at two different rates. Addition of the compost caused significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested. The increases were much higher at 90 t ha^-1 year^-1 than at 30 t ha^-1 year^-1. Significant increases were also observed in the biomass-C content and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Significant correlations among changes in biomass-C content and the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and the changes in all enzymes tested were found.Two activity indices were calculated; a biological index of fertility and an enzyme activity number. No correlations were found between the biological index of fertility and the changes in the various enzyme activities. However, significant correlations were found either between enzyme activity number and most of the changes in enzyme activity, or between the enzyme activity number index and the biomass-C content (r=0.850). The use of a new activity index, the hydrolysis coefficient, is proposed. This coefficient was significantly correlated with biomass-C content (r=0.925) and with the enzyme activity number index (r=0.780).  相似文献   

Mitochondrial DNA RFLP in genus Oryza and cultivated rice   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Second  Z. Y. Wang 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1992,39(3):125-140

Summary Ninety-three accessions representing 23 species from the genus Oryza were surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial (mt) DNA by probing total DNA with 15 known mt sequences cloned in plasmids from higher plants, and five mt genomic cosmid clones from maize. Very low levels of intra-specific and even intra-cytologically-defined nuclear genome mt DNA RFLP were found. High between-genome differentiation appeared, suggesting phylogenetic relationships consistent with data from previous nuclear and chloroplast (cp) DNA studies. Parallel inheritance of cp and mt DNA was found. There was one major exception: the mt DNA of the allotetraploid CD genome is apparently equally related to two putative diploid progenitors, which is suggestive of an interspecific recombination.RRLP in mt DNA was also probed in 82 cultivars, with four plasmid probes. Some bands not seen in the wild species appeared in O. sativa, with intra-specific polymorphism relatively higher than in the wild species. The pattern of variation paralleled that at the cp DNA level between the indica and japonica subspecies.  相似文献   

黄土高原地区苜蓿生产力动态及其土壤水分消耗规律   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

万素梅  胡守林  贾志宽  曹永红 《农业工程学报》2007,23(12):30-34

为了解不同生长年限苜蓿生产力及土壤水分的变化特征，该文系统研究了黄土高原地区3年、4年、6年、8年、12年、18年及26年生紫花苜蓿生产力动态及土壤水分的消耗规律。结果表明：不同生长年限苜蓿鲜草产量存在极显著差异。苜蓿草地土壤水分呈现规律性的变化：随土层深度的增加，土壤含水率增加，300cm土层以下，土壤含水率变化趋势平缓。苜蓿生长超过18年，上层土壤水分开始恢复，但深层土壤通体干化，水分难以恢复。苜蓿水分利用效率随生长年限的延长而降低。研究表明在黄土高原半湿润区紫花苜蓿适宜的生长年限为8年，第6年为苜蓿的生长高峰期。  相似文献   

Soil nutrient supply and biomass production in a mixed forest on a skeleton‐rich soil and an adjacent beech forest     

Dirk Hlscher  Dietrich Hertel  Horst Koenies 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(6):668-674

In the natural forest communities of Central Europe, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) predominates in the tree layer over a wide range of soil conditions. An exception with respect to the dominance of beech are skeleton‐rich soils such as screes where up to 10 broad‐leaved trees co‐exist. In such a Tilia‐Fagus‐Fraxinus‐Acer‐Ulmus forest and an adjacent mono‐specific beech forest we compared (1) soil nutrient pools and net nitrogen mineralization rates, (2) leaf nutrient levels, and (3) leaf litter production and stem increment rates in order to evaluate the relationship between soil conditions and tree species composition. In the mixed forest only a small quantity of fine earth was present (35 g l^—1) which was distributed in patches between basalt stones; whereas a significantly higher (P < 0.05) soil quantity (182 g l^—1) was found in the beech forest. In the soil patches of the mixed forest C and N concentrations and also concentrations of exchangeable nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) were significantly higher than in the beech forest. Net N mineralization rates on soil dry weight basis in the mixed forest exceeded those in the beech forest by a factor of 2.6. Due to differences in fine earth and stone contents, the volume related soil K pool and the N mineralization rate were lower in the mixed forest (52 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1, 0—10 cm depth) than in the beech forest (105 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1). The leaf N and K concentrations of the beech trees did not differ significantly between the stands, which suggests that plant nutrition was not impaired. In the mixed forest leaf litter fall (11 %) and the increment rate of stem basal area (52 %) were lower than in the beech forest. Thus, compared with the adjacent beech forest, the mixed forest stand was characterized by a low volume of patchy distributed nutrient‐rich soil, a lower volume related K pool and N mineralization rate, and low rates of stem increment. Together with other factors such as water availability these patterns may contribute to an explanation of the diverse tree species composition on Central European screes.  相似文献