Evaluation of a preliminary title to protect zero-grazed dairy cattle with insecticide-treated mosquito netting in Western Kenya     

Bauer B  Gitau D  Oloo FP  Karanja SM 《Tropical animal health and production》2006,38(1):29-34

The incidence of trypanosome infection was monitored in dairy cattle during a 6-month trial in Busia and Teso districts, western Kenya, to assess the efficacy of insecticide-treated netting for protection against tsetse flies. Frequently, the fragile netting did not last longer than 2 months because of destruction by strong wind or animal movements. Also, many farmers let their cattle graze freely outside the units during the day, despite technical advice, resulting in exposure of the free-ranging animals to habitats suitable for tsetse and thereby an increased risk of trypanosome infections. The trial groups thus comprised 34 animals from 11 dairy units that were continuously protected, and 153 animals from 46 dairy units that were partially protected. The control group consisted of 162 animals in 42 unprotected units. The phase-contrast buffy-coat technique was used for parasitological monitoring. The mean hazard rate for trypanosomes was significantly lower in protected cows, with a value of 0.007 as opposed to 0.02 for the control animals. Mean packed cell volumes (PCV) were significantly higher in protected cattle (29.7%) than in unprotected ones (27.6%). Farmers with protected animals also reported fewer nuisance flies and mosquitoes in their compounds.  相似文献   

Observations on the Movement Patterns and Daily Home Range Size of Impala,Aepyceros Melampus (Lichtenstein) in the Kruger National Park     

E. Young 《African Zoology》2013,48(1):187-195

The movements and other behavioural and physiological patterns of impala and of some of the other more abundant game species in the Kruger National Park were studied to provide information which could be applied to their management, especially in regard to the artificial provision of water.

Preliminary results reveal that the daily home ranges of impala are relatively small (±0,98 km²/24 h), their short daily movements (±3,0 km/24 h) are especially restricted at night (±0,6 km/12 h) and that surface water and the availability of edible succulent vegetation in the vicinity thereof, strongly influence the regional distribution of this species in the Kruger National Park. Maps are included to illustrate typical impala movements in relation to the distribution of watering points and other ecological features, while quantitative information on their movements and daily home range size is compared with that of blue wildebeest, Connochaefes taurinus (Burchell), Burchell's zebra, Equus burchellii antiquorum H. Smith, buffalo, Syncerus caffer (Span-man) and the elephant, Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach).  相似文献   

Invertebrate drift densities in the Njoro and Kamweti Rivers in the Kenyan highlands that differ in the level of anthropogenic disturbances     

Charles M M’Erimba  Priscilla W Mureithi  Ken O Ouma 《African Zoology》2018,53(2):61-67

Invertebrate drift is one of several fundamental ecological processes in streams. However, little is known about the dynamics of invertebrate drift in Kenyan streams. In this study, we assessed invertebrate drift in two rivers, i.e. Njoro and Kamweti, that differ in the level of anthropogenic disturbances, between February and March, 2016. The aim was to evaluate the effect of river sampling duration (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min) and sampling period (day or night) on invertebrate drift densities. The 5-minute sampling period resulted in significantly higher mean drift densities than the other time intervals in both rivers. The highest mean drift density (2.0 ± 0.9 individuals m^?3) was recorded at the Njoro River during the day, whereas the lowest drift density (0.3 ± 0.2 individuals m^?3) was recorded at the Kamweti River during the day. A strong nocturnal drift pattern was noted at the less disturbed river (Kamweti). The present results suggest that anthropogenic perturbations influence invertebrate drift densities, and sampling duration and sampling period are important factors to consider when sampling invertebrate drift.  相似文献   

Genetic and phenotypic parameters and annual trends for milk production and fertility traits of the Sahiwal cattle in semi arid Kenya   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ilatsia ED  Muasya TK  Muhuyi WB  Kahi AK 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(1):37-48

Data comprising 7211 lactation records of 2894 cows were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for milk production (lactation milk yield, LMY and lactation length, LL) and fertility (calving interval, CI; number of services per conception, NSC and age at first calving, AFC) traits. Genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends were also estimated. Variance components were estimated using univariate, bivariate and trivariate animal models on based restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Univariate models were used for each trait, while bivariate models were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between milk production and fertility traits and between LMY, LL, CI and NSC within each lactation. Trivariate models were used in the analysis of LMY, LL, CI and NSC in the first three lactations. Heritability estimates from the univariate model were 0.16, 0.07, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.01 for LMY, LL, CI, AFC and NSC, respectively. The heritability estimates from trivariate analysis were higher for milk production traits than those from univariate analyses. Genetic correlations were high and undesirable between milk production and fertility traits, while phenotypic correlations were correspondingly low. Genetic trends were close to zero for all traits, while environmental and phenotypic trends fluctuated over the study period.  相似文献   

肯尼亚玉米生产现状与产量限制因子分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李晓欣  陈素英  Stephen O. ALUOCH  Peter S. MOSONGO  曹建生  胡春胜 《中国生态农业学报》2018,26(4):567-573

玉米作为肯尼亚的主要粮食作物,其种植和生产对于减少饥饿、保障国家粮食安全具有非常重要的意义。本文从玉米的种植、分布、多年(1961—2014年)产量变化等方面对肯尼亚玉米的生产和现状进行了介绍,结合当地的自然环境因素和农业生产管理水平,分析了肯尼亚玉米生产的限制因素,指出水、肥、种子质量是玉米产量提高的主要限制因子。通过对田间不同施肥处理玉米产量与水、肥投入的分析,提出采用集水-排灌技术,对玉米季降水进行调控和再分配;增加化肥投入量,尤其是增加磷肥施用,保证玉米生长所需;秸秆还田改善土壤结构等技术,最终实现玉米增产的目标。为在肯尼亚推广不同水、肥管理和耕作技术,开展玉米旱作高产种植提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

肯尼亚林业概况     

黄明东 《世界林业研究》2014,27(4):83-86

肯尼亚位于非洲东部,是少林国家,但林业在国民经济发展中占有重要地位。文中从肯尼亚森林资源现状与利用、林业政策及其演变、自然保护区建设与生态旅游发展等方面介绍肯尼亚林业发展的主要特点,在此基础上结合中国和肯尼亚的贸易关系提出两国开展林业合作的机遇。  相似文献   

Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Seamus D. Maclennan  Rosemary J. Groom  David W. Macdonald  Laurence G. Frank   《Biological conservation》2009,142(11):2419-2427

Lions (Panthera leo) are in decline throughout most of their range due to human persecution, largely provoked by depredation on livestock, and there is debate as to the usefulness of financial instruments to mitigate this conflict. Intending to reduce local lion-killing, the Mbirikani Predator Compensation Fund compensates members of Mbirikani Group Ranch for livestock depredation at a flat rate (close to average market value), after the kill has been verified and with penalties imposed for poor husbandry. Despite penalizing claimants, 55% of claims arose because livestock were lost in the bush. Between 1st April 2003 and 31st December 2006, 754 cattle, 80 donkeys and 1844 sheep/goats were killed (2.31% of the total livestock herd each year). Forty-three percent of kills were ascribed to spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta); leopards (Panthera pardus) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) were blamed for 37% of cases, lions 7%, jackals (Canis mesomelas) 7% and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and elephants (Loxodonta africana) together 6%. Significantly more attacks took place during months of lower rainfall but the rate of attacks was not related to the density of livestock on the ranch, or the ratio of wild herbivores to domestic stock. There was no correlation between local market prices and the number of claims per month. Despite compensation, at least one lion per year was killed in 2004, 2005 and 2006. We describe some features of large carnivore depredation in the study area and suggest that regional recovery of the lion population may require compensation on a wider scale.  相似文献   

Genetic and phenotypic parameters and annual trends for growth and fertility traits of Charolais and Hereford beef cattle breeds in Kenya     

Orenge JS  Ilatsia ED  Kosgey IS  Kahi AK 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(5):767-774

This study estimated genetic and phenotypic parameters and annual trends for growth and fertility traits of Charolais and Hereford cattle in Kenya. Traits considered were birth weight (BW, kg), pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) and weaning weight (WW, kg); calving interval (CI, days) and age at first calving (AFC, days). Direct heritability estimates for growth traits were 0.36 and 0.21; 0.25 and 0.10; 0.23 and 0.13 for BW, ADG and WW in Charolais and Hereford, respectively. Maternal heritability estimates were 0.11 and 0.01; 0.18 and 0.00; 0.17 and 0.17 for BW, ADG and WW in Charolais and Hereford, respectively. Direct-maternal genetic correlations ranged between −0.46 and 1.00; −0.51 and −1.00; −0.47 and −0.39 for BW, ADG and WW in Charolais and Hereford, respectively. Genetic correlations ranged from −0.99 to unity and −1.00 to unity for growth and fertility traits respectively. Prospects for improvement of growth and fertility traits exist.  相似文献   

Using participatory epidemiological techniques to estimate the relative incidence and impact on livelihoods of livestock diseases amongst nomadic pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. Bett  C. Jost  R. Allport  J. Mariner 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,90(3-4):194-203

A participatory epidemiological (PE) study was carried out with Turkana pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya, to determine the relative incidence of livestock diseasess and their impact on livelihoods. A sub-location was used as the sampling unit. A sub-location is the smallest administrative unit and is occupied by clusters of families (called adakars) that share common grazing patterns. A total of 32 sub-locations were randomly selected for the study. At least one focus group discussion involving more than 10 people was held with each adakar. In addition, key informant interviews involving local leaders and animal health service providers were conducted before or after the group sessions. PE techniques that were used with the stock owners include participatory mapping, relative incidence scoring, proportional piling, disease impact matrix scoring, seasonal calendars and probing. The methods used were pre-tested in four sub-locations that were excluded from further study. The study revealed that goats, with median score of 33 (10th and 90th percentiles of 25, 44, respectively) and sheep, median score of 20.5 (15, 26) were perceived to be the most abundant livestock species while goats (median score of 32 [21, 56]) and camels (median score of 22.5 [11, 33]) contributed the most to the livelihoods of the pastoralists. For goats, the overall relative incidence scores of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and mange were 23.5% (15, 34), 25% (21, 45) and 20% (19, 28), respectively. The respective median scores for case fatality rates were 66% (45, 76.5), 62.5% (25, 100) and 73.2% (21.4, 85.7). Disease impact matrix scores indicated that mange was the most important disease of goats. Mange (range: 28–32%) and pox (range: 16–38%) were perceived to be the most prevalent diseases in camels. Livestock movements, limited access to veterinary services and stock theft were identified as key factors that contributed to the high prevalence and persistence of these diseases. This paper discusses strategies that could be used to control these diseases given the challenges associated with nomadic pastoralism and insecurity.  相似文献   

Dynamics of landuse/cover changes and degradation of Nairobi City,Kenya     

C. N. Mundia  M. Aniya 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2006,17(1):97-108

Landuse/cover in Nairobi City is changing rapidly because of the increased interactions of human activities with the environment as population increases. We used multi‐temporal Landsat images (1976, 1988 and 2000) together with physical and socio‐economic data in a post‐classification analysis with GIS to map landuse/cover distribution and to analyse factors influencing the landuse/cover changes for Nairobi City. An unsupervised classification approach, which uses a minimum spectral distance to assign pixels to clusters, was used with the overall accuracy ranging from 87 per cent to 90 per cent. Landuse/cover statistics revealed that substantial landuse/cover changes have taken place and that the built‐up areas have expanded by about 47 km² over the study period (1976–2000). Forests have decreased substantially while agricultural lands have been on the increase. Rapid economic developments together with the increasing population were noted to be the major factors influencing rapid landuse/cover changes. Urban expansion has replaced agricultural farmlands and other natural vegetation, thereby affecting habitat quality and leading to serious environmental degradation. The random, unplanned growths of environmentally degraded squatter settlements were noted to be emerging in the rural fringes. Successful planning of Nairobi's development will require reliable information about landuse/cover changes and factors influencing such changes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献