Improvement of Wheat Water Use Efficiency in Semiarid Area of China   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

DENG Xi-ping  SHAN Lun  KANG Shao-zhong  Inanaga Shinobu  Mohanmed Elfatih K Ali 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2003,2(1)

The greatest fear of global climate change is drought since in most areas where wheat is grownwater is the most important factor influencing wheat yield. Average wheat yield throughout the world is only30 -60% of the attainable yield potential because water shortage is the major factor preventing the realizationof maximum yield. Periods of drought alternating with short periods of available water are common conditionsto influence wheat productivity. Such conditions include variable frequency of dry and wet periods, intensityof drought, rate of drought onset and patterns of soil water deficit and/or atmospheric water deficit. It is thisdeficit and variable water conditions in semiarid environments that influence wheat productivity variously.This paper reviewed the physiological adaptation and benefits associated with deficit and variable water condi-tions. In addition, it also highlights the compensative effect of limited irrigation and breeding of new varietiesfor high water use efficiency (WUE) that could improve wheat productivity under water-limited environmentsin the semiarid regions. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat WUE and productivity insemiarid environments seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and effici ent use of this limitedwater such as soil fertility improvement, conservation tillage, residues and film mulch, rain water harvestingfor limited irrigation, and breeding for water saving varieties. Different crop, soil and water managementstrategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in various semiarid areas. By combiningsoil and water conservation approaches and adjusting the cropping system by growing drought-tolerant and wa-ter-saving cultivars, increase in wheat WUE and productivity could be achieved.  相似文献   

浙南木本植物引种驯化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

潘瑞道  王作坚 《浙江林学院学报》1991,8(4):428-438

植物引种驯化的成功取决于引种植物与引种地环境之间的协调状况。作者在引种驯化400多种木本植物的实践过程中,一方面努力创造环境使引种植物适应,一方面设法改造引种植物的本性使之适应于新的栽培环境,并由此总结出了5条行之有效的南种北移技术和原则。目前浙南地区能露地栽培、自然越冬的引种木本植物达256种。  相似文献   

叶绿素荧光测定技术的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐德聪  吕芳德  刘小阳  钱玉梅  袁维风 《安徽农业科学》2007,35(35):11335-11337

[目的]规范叶绿素荧光测定程序。[方法]以4个美国山核桃品种的实生苗为材料,在田间测定叶片基部、中部、尖部的F0、Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/F0值,并在0、5、10、20、40、60min时间段中选择最佳的暗适应时间。[结果]美国山核桃叶片不同部位的F0值几乎无差异,Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0值有一定的差异,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0均表现为叶基部>叶中部>叶尖部,差异不显著。美国山核桃叶片除F0外,Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0均在暗适应5min后测得最大值,与未暗适应的处理在品种间有显著或极显著差异,但品种Elliot暗适应10min的Fm比5min的稍大。田间测定并不是暗适应时间越长越好,测试品种表现一致。[结论]美国山核桃苗期叶片不同部位Fv/Fm、Fv/F0表现为叶基部>叶中部>叶尖部。夏季田间测定荧光参数时,测定前叶片暗适应5min即可。  相似文献   

土壤: 微生物的最后栖息地?   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

M. B&#  LTER 《土壤圈》2004,14(2):137-144

The question is asked whether soils can be regarded as extreme environments with respect to microorganisms. After defining some extreme environments in a general sense, special properties of extreme environments are compared to soil habitats, with special emphasis laid on time frame and localities. In relation to water availability, nutrients and other properties, such places as aggregates can show properties of extreme habitats. These features, which can act at different levels of the system from the community level down to the cellular level, are summarized as stress factors. The latter, where many switches are located leading to different strategies of survival, is described as the most important one. This raises the question of how organisms have adapted to such conditions. The soil system demands a broad spectrum of adaptations and/or adjustments for a highly variable environment. The soil microorganisms' adaptation can thus be seen as the highest kind of flexibility and is more useful than any other special adaptation.  相似文献   

Natural and human selection for purple-grain tetraploid wheats in the Ethiopian highlands     

Getachew Belay  T. Tesemma  E. Bechere  D. Mitiku 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1995,42(4):387-391

Summary Purple-grain tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum L.) are widely cultivated in the Ethiopian highlands despite the claim that they have lower industrial quality properties and market prices than the white or red/brown seed-colour types. In an attempt to find a possible explanation for this, the three seed-colour groups were compared for grain yield, other 11 agronomic traits and protein content. Five traits displayed significant differences between seed colour groups where the purple-seed was superior; earlier maturity, shorter height, and higher fertility, tillering capacity and harvest index. Most of these are important adaptive traits to waterlogging stress on dark-clay soils (pellic vertisols) where the great bulk of the Ethiopian tetraploid wheats have been grown. Furthermore, among the three seed-colour groups, purple-seed wheat has the best malting quality for the preparation of arekie, a locally distilled spirituous liquor. It, therefore, appears that both natural and human selections have been reponsible for their continued cultivation. Hence, the notion that purple-seeded wheat is the “least preferred” should be interpreted carefully not to necessarily address the whole community in Ethiopia. As to their taxonomy, all tetraploid wheat taxa (T. turgidum L. sensu lato, 2n = 4x = 28) that are found in Ethiopia, with the possible exception of T. dicoccon Shrank (locally known as Adja), may possess the purple pericarp-colour, although in varying frequencies; very low inT. polonicum L., and high inT. carthlicum Nevski andT. durum Desf.  相似文献   

Immediate and adaptational temperature effects on nitric oxide production and nitrous oxide release from nitrification and denitrification in two soils   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M. Gödde  R. Conrad 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,30(1-2):33-40

 Nitrification and denitrification are, like all biological processes, influenced by temperature. We investigated temperature effects on N trace gas turnover by nitrification and denitrification in two soils under two experimental conditions. In the first approach ("temperature shift experiment") soil samples were preincubated at 25  °C and then exposed to gradually increasing temperatures (starting at 4  °C and finishing at 40–45  °C). Under these conditions the immediate effect of temperature change was assessed. In the second approach ("discrete temperature experiment") the soil samples were preincubated at different temperatures (4–35  °C) for 5 days and then tested at the same temperatures. The different experimental conditions affected the results of the study. In the temperature shift experiment the NO release increased steadily with increasing temperature in both soils. In the discrete temperature experiment, however, the production rates of NO and N₂O showed a minimum at intermediate temperatures (13–25  °C). In one of the soils (soil B9), the percent contribution of nitrification to NO production in the discrete temperature experiment reached a maximum (>95% contribution) at 25  °C. In the temperature shift experiment nitrification was always the dominant process for NO release and showed no systematic temperature dependency. In the second soil (soil B14), the percent contribution of nitrification to NO release decreased from 50 to 10% as the temperature was increased from 4  °C to 45  °C, but no differences were evident in the discrete temperature experiment. The N₂O production rates were measured in the discrete temperature experiment only. The contribution of nitrification to N₂O production in soil B9 was considerably higher at 25–35  °C (60–80% contribution) than at 4–13  °C (15–20% contribution). In soil B14 the contribution of nitrification to N₂O production was lowest at 4  °C. The effects of temperature on N trace gas turnover differed between the two soils and incubation conditions. The experimental set-up allowed us to distinguish between immediate effects of short-term changes in temperature on the process rates, and longer-term effects by which preincubation at a particular temperature presumably resulted in the adaptation of the soil microorganisms to this temperature. Both types of effects were important in regulating the release of NO and N₂O from soil. Received: 20 October 1998  相似文献   

Do plant species encourage soil biota that specialise in the rapid decomposition of their litter?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Edward Ayres  Richard D. Bardgett 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(1):183-186

Plants are often nutrient limited and soil organisms are important in mediating nutrient availability to plants. Thus, there may be a selective advantage to plants that alter the soil community in ways that enhance the decomposition of their litter and, hence, their ability to access nutrients. We incubated litter from three tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus and Picea sitchensis) in the presence of biota extracted from soil beneath a stand of each species to test the hypothesis that litter decomposes fastest in the presence of biota derived from soil where that species is locally abundant. We found that respiration rate, a measure of decomposer activity and carbon mineralisation, was affected by litter type and source of soil biota, whereas, mass loss was only affected by litter type. However, litter from each tree species did not decompose faster in the presence of indigenous soil biota. These findings, therefore, provide no support for the notion that woodland plants encourage the development of soil communities that rapidly decompose their litter.  相似文献   

吉林延龄草营养器官解剖结构和光合生理特性对环境适应性研究     

邵财  刘继永  张浩  王振兴 《东北农业大学学报》2015,46(5)

采用解剖显微观察和光合仪测定等方法研究吉林延龄草根、茎、叶营养器官的解剖结构及光合生理特性,揭示其形态解剖结构、光合特性与环境适应性的关系,为吉林延龄草保护及驯化栽培提供理论基础和科学依据。结果表明,吉林延龄草只具有初生构造的根、茎及维管组织中没有形成层,初生木质部导管数量少,输导组织不发达;叶片表皮无表皮毛,表皮细胞凸凹不平;叶肉细胞由海绵薄壁细胞组成,排列疏松,细胞之间存在较大间隙;叶片上表皮无气孔,气孔分布在叶下表面,气孔密度为18.69个·mm-2,气孔表现"外凸"特征。叶片叶绿素a/b比值为1.90;其具有较低光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP),分别是1.23和415μmol·m-2·s-1,在光饱和点可达最大净光合速率为4.44μmol·m-2·s-1。研究表明,吉林延龄草在形态结构、光合生理特性上具有明显适应阴生潮湿环境特征,是典型的阴生植物。  相似文献   

藏绵羊和藏山羊小肠黏膜结构的比较研究     

张鹏飞  陈付菊  叶先林  常兰 《安徽农业科学》2012,40(11):6541-6543

[目的]探讨藏绵羊和藏山羊在高寒低氧环境中小肠黏膜结构的适应特征。[方法]采用组织学和图像分析法,对4只藏绵羊和4只藏山羊小肠不同肠段的黏膜结构的形态特征进行比较。[结果]藏山羊小肠绒毛长度和V/C值均显著高于藏绵羊(P0.05),而藏绵羊小肠黏膜的厚度大于藏山羊,但差异不显著(P0.05),藏绵羊小肠肌层的厚度显著大于藏山羊的(P0.05)。[结论]藏山羊的消化吸收功能强于藏绵羊。  相似文献   

植物低磷胁迫信号转导与适应性反应研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

于丽娟  曾科文  刘丽  番兴明 《中国农业科技导报》2012,(3):22-30

磷是植物生长发育所必须的大量元素之一,据调查世界范围内大量耕地有效磷缺乏,植物生长发育和作物产量因此受到限制。在长期进化过程中,耐低磷植物在早期响应基因(主要与低磷信号感受和转导有关)和后期响应基因(主要与形态、生理生化和代谢有关)的协同作用下形成了多种低磷适应机制。从低磷信号的感受和转导,形态、生理生化和代谢适应性机制方面综述了目前植物耐低磷方面的研究进展。以期为植物低磷信号转导和适应机制研究及耐低磷作物品种的培育提供依据。  相似文献