盐碱地鱼池中病原体小土栖藻的防治   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

杨秀兰  陈金桂  王殿坤  魏运笙  魏玉桐  李文铎 《水产学报》1993,17(4):319-324

我国于70年代中,就开始了对小土栖藻(又名小三毛金藻)的防治研究。大连水产专科学校(1974)报道了小三毛金藻在我国的出现和防治,以后勾维民等(1983)、刘茂春等(1983)、何志辉(1985)、李永函等(1958)、张万达(1990)陆续报道了该害藻的分布和防治。但是,至此小土栖藻的防治技术还带有一定的偶然性和经验性,不能解决生产上的根本问题。本报道,查明了铵氮和小土栖藻消长的关系,指出了非离子氨杀灭小土栖藻的作用和有效含量,提出了一套较完整的预防和治疗方法。使该项研究取得明显的进展和突破。  相似文献   

盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

唐贤明  隋曌  田景波  王国福 《南方水产》2006,2(4):54-58

研究了大菱鲆(Scophamusmaximus)幼鱼由盐度34向低盐(盐度28、23、18、12、6)以及向高盐(盐度40)适应过程中代谢率的变化。结果表明:盐度改变后,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率都呈现出不同程度的逐渐升高趋势,随着盐度突变范围的增大,变化趋势更为明显。在突变后24h左右,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率出现高峰值,48h后恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的耗氧率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。在突变后9～15h排氨率出现高峰值,48h后各组大菱鲆幼鱼的排氨率恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的排氨率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。  相似文献   

Effects of changes in plasma pH,CO2 and ammonia on ventilation in trout     

D. J. McKenzie  D. J. Randall  H. Lin  S. Aota 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,10(6):507-515

We investigated ventillatory responses to a plasma alkaloids and hypocapnia,a nd the basis for the ventilatory response to sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) infusion in rainbow trout. Plasma alkalosis and hypocapnia created by infusion of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) did not cause hypoventilation, whereas infusion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) caused vigorous hyperventilation, associated with an acidosis, a reduction in blood O₂ content (Ca_{O 2}) and a release of circulating catecholamines. Infusion of NaHCO₃ stimulated ventilation and caused an increase in plasma pH, total carbon dioxide content (Ca_{CO 2}) and catecholamine levels, and a reduction in oxygen tension (Pa_{O 2}). Infusion of ammonium bicarbonate (NH ₄HCO₃) caused hyperventilation and was associated with an increase in Ca_{CO 2} and plasma total ammonia (C_amm) and ammonia gas (NH₃) concentration. Infusion of sodium chloride (NaClI) and Cortland's saline had no effect on ventilation. The results indicate that trout do not exhibit the ventilatory sensitivity to pH seen in terrestrial vertebrates. Ventilatory responses to NaHCO₃ appear to have been a result of reductions in Pa_{O 2}, a release of catecholamines and an increase in Ca_{CO 2} whereas responses to NH₄HCO₃ appear to have been a result of increases in Ca_{CO 2} and C_amm.  相似文献   

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)     

Dra. Eva Danulat  Stephan Kempe 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1992,9(5-6):377-386

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

Ammonia distribution and excretion in fish   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

David J. Randall  Patricia A. Wright 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1987,3(3):107-120

This paper reviews the literature concerning ammonia production, storage and excretion in fish. Ammonia is the end product of protein catabolism and is stored in the body of fish in high concentrations relative to basal excretion rates. Ammonia, if allowed to accumulate, is toxic and is converted to less toxic compounds or excreted. Like other weak acids and bases, ammonia is distributed between tissue compartments in relation to transmembrane pH gradients. NH₃ is generally equilibrated between compartments but NH₄ ⁺ is distributed according to pH. Ammonia is eliminated from the blood upon passage through the gills. The mechanisms of branchial ammonia excretion vary between different species of fish and different environments, and primarily involves NH₃ passive diffusion and NH₄ ⁺/Na⁺ exchange. Water chemistry near the gill surface may also be important to ammonia excretion, but a more accurate measurement of the NH₃ gradient across the gill epithelium is required before a more detailed analysis of NH₃ and NH₄ ⁺ excretion can be made.  相似文献   

The effects of elevated winter temperature and sub-lethal pollutants (low pH, elevated ammonia) on protein turnover in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)     

I.J. Morgan  L.M. D-Cruz  J.J. Dockray  T.K. Linton  D.G. McDonald  C.M. Wood 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1998,19(4):377-389

Appetite, growth, and protein turnover (synthesis, growth and degradation) of liver and gills were measured in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed to satiation, and exposed for 90 days to elevated winter temperatures (+2 °C above ambient) and either low pH (5.2) in softwater or 70 M total ammonia (TAmm) in hardwater. All fish increased in weight during the experiments, but those exposed to +2°C grew significantly more than those at ambient temperature due to a stimulation of appetite. During the relatively constant temperature of the first 75 days, +2 °C caused a significant increase in the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in the liver of hardwater-acclimated fish, as a result of an increase in RNA translational efficiency (KRNA). The elevated temperature also induced an increase in gill protein synthesis in softwater-acclimated fish but in this case the underlying mechanism was an increase in Cs, the capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) rather than in KRNA. The addition of 70 M TAmm had no effect on protein turnover in either liver or gills of hardwater-acclimated fish. Low pH inhibited protein growth in the liver of softwater-acclimated fish at day 90 under both temperature regimes. This inhibition was effected via a decrease in protein synthesis at control temperature but via an increase in protein degradation when the fish were exposed to both low pH and +2 °C. From these results we conclude that a simulated global warming scenario has potentially beneficial rather than detrimental effects on protein turnover and growth of freshwater fish during winter.  相似文献   

Tolerance of juvenile black sea bass Centropristis striata to acute ammonia and nitrite exposure at various salinities   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Charles R Weirich  Marty A Riche 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(5):915-921

ABSTRACT:   Experiments were conducted to determine the acute tolerance of juvenile (mean weight ± standard error, 9.9 ± 0.9 g) black sea bass Centropristis striata to environmental un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N) exposure at various salinities. Specifically, median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of NH₃-N and NO₂-N at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure were determined at salinities of 10, 20 and 30 g/L at 22°C. With the exception of LC50 values determined at 48 h, median lethal concentrations of NH₃-N to black sea bass were not influenced by environmental salinity; 24, 48, and 96 h LC50 values ranged from 0.81 to 0.85, 0.65–0.77, and 0.46–0.54 mg-NH₃-N/L, respectively. In contrast, tolerance of black sea bass to environmental NO₂-N was compromised at reduced salinities. Median lethal concentrations of NO₂-N to fish at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure ranged from 288.3 to 429.0, 258.4 to 358.8 and 190.0 to 241.9 mg-NO₂-N/L, respectively. Results indicate that while juvenile black sea bass are relatively sensitive to acute NH₃-N exposure, they are highly resistant to NO₂-N exposure.  相似文献   

植物保卫素东莨菪内酯对烟草的诱导抗性研究进展     

杨振国 《现代农业科技》2014,(16):21-22

东莨菪内酯属香豆素类化合物,是烟草中重要的植物保卫素,能抗烟草花叶病、灰霉病、野火版、青枯病、黑胫病等多种病害,其在烟草组织中通过苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)调控合成,当受到不良环境影响或者外源物质(茉莉酸甲酯、2,4-D、核黄素、细胞分裂素等)诱导时,东莨菪内酯在烟草葡萄糖基转移酶(TOGTs)调控转化为东莨菪苷转移到液泡中发挥抗病作用。该文综述了东莨菪内酯对烟草中的生物合成及诱导抗性的相关研究,以期为提高烟草的抗病性及防治提供理论依据。  相似文献   

生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥过程氨挥发的作用效应研究   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

王海候  沈明星  凃荣文  严慧霞  陆长婴  施林林  周新伟 《农业环境科学学报》2014,33(11):2266-2272

针对水生植物堆肥过程中氮素损失严重的现状,探讨以生物质炭为添加剂的堆肥体氨挥发控制技术,以伊乐藻和稻草为供试材料,采用静态高温好氧堆肥的方法,在生物质炭不同添加比例条件下,监测了伊乐藻与稻草混合堆置过程中氨挥发及其影响因素的变化动态。结果表明:整个堆肥过程中,氨累积挥发量与生物质炭添加比例关系密切(P0.01),与不添加生物质炭的常规对照处理相比,添加比例为5%、10%的处理增加了氨的累积挥发量,而添加比例为15%、20%的处理降低了氨的累积挥发量;不同堆肥时间段,生物质炭不同添加比例处理0~3 d的氨累积挥发量均大于对照,4~6 d的氨累积挥发量,除添加比例5%处理外,均小于对照;伊乐藻堆肥体的氨挥发速率与堆温、铵态氮含量具有显著的偏相关性,其偏相关性均达到P0.05的显著水平;增加生物质炭添加比例,不仅提高了堆肥温度,对堆肥体的氨挥发损失具有负向的促进作用,同时也降低了堆肥体的铵态氮含量,对堆肥体的氨挥发损失具有正向的抑制作用,生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥体氮素的氨挥发损失具有促进与抑制双重性的作用效应。  相似文献   

猪粪秸秆不同物料比对固体产酸发酵效果的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

杜连柱  陈羚  杨鹏  张克强 《农业工程学报》2010,26(7):272-276

在沼液回流的条件下,研究猪粪和秸秆固体产酸发酵过程中,不同原料配比（猪粪与秸秆质量比分别为4︰1、2︰1、1︰1、1︰3和0︰1即纯秸秆）对产酸发酵效果的影响。试验结果表明：增加发酵原料猪粪比例有利于调节发酵体系pH值,但酸化液中氨氮质量浓度较高;沼液回流能有效避免体系过酸现象;上述不同原料质量配比产酸发酵产物以乙酸为主,试验周期内,累积产乙酸质量分别占各反应器挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）总质量的80.8%、81.8%、77.1%、78.3%和73.8%,酸化液中丙酸质量浓度均低于1.6 g/L,累积产生质量分别占各反应器VFAs总质量的4.8%、2.8%、7.2%、6.5%和8.4%。综合分析表明,猪粪与秸秆比为2︰1时,发酵过程中产酸效果优于其他配比试验。  相似文献