冬季侧窗通风猪舍氨气和温室气体排放特征     

周忠凯  杨殿林  张海芳  赵建宁  王丽丽  余刚 《农业环境科学学报》2020,39(6):1359-1367

冬季猪舍通风管理方式影响猪舍内的环境质量以及污染物的排放,为确定改造后猪舍侧窗负压通风系统6阶段管理对冬季舍内环境质量以及氨气和温室气体排放的影响,对舍内温度、湿度和空气流速等环境指标进行了测定,采用水分平衡方程确定了不同通风阶段猪舍的通风率,利用INNOVA 1412多气体分析仪-连续采样测试技术,对冬季猪舍NH_3、N_2O、CH_4和CO_2的排放进行了测定,确定了不同通风量条件下氨气和温室气体的排放率。结果表明,冬季侧窗通风密闭式育肥猪舍平均温度为13.7℃,湿度为69.7%,舍内最大温度与湿度差值分别为3.2℃和39.6%,平均通风率为6 207 m~3·h~(-1)(单头生猪通风量:24.9 m~3·h~(-1)),舍内平均空气流速为0.28 m·s~(-1),满足了育肥猪生长的要求;冬季试验猪舍中NH_3平均浓度范围在8.42～15.63 mg·m~(-3),CO_2平均浓度范围保持在2 509～5 303 mg·m~(-3)之间,CH_4浓度变化在1.11～5.90 mg·m~(-3),可满足冬季育肥猪生长的需求;单头生猪NH_3、CO_2和CH_4的平均排放率分别为250.0 mg·h~(-1)、79.9 g·h~(-1)、57.7 mg·h~(-1),单头生猪累积日排放量分别为6.0 g·d~(-1)、1.92 kg·d~(-1)和1.39 g·d~(-1),试验期间没有监测到N_2O的排放;采用的6级通风管理模式显著影响NH_3、CO_2的平均排放率,对CH_4的排放影响不显著。  相似文献   

妊娠猪舍氨气及氧化亚氮浓度测定与排放通量的估算   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

朱志平  董红敏  尚斌  康国虎  朱海生  石谊 《农业工程学报》2006,22(14):175-178

在北京选择一典型猪场，对不同季节妊娠舍的氨气及氧化亚氮浓度进行了为期1年的试验测定，并根据二氧化碳平衡原理，对猪场不同生长阶段的妊娠猪含氮气体的排放通量进行了估算。结果表明：冬季2004年11月氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为11.64±4.36，（1.17±0.2）mg／m³，夏季7月舍内氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为3.31±2.67，（0.6±0.02）mg／m³；妊娠猪饲养期间的氨气排放通量为每头（185.2～500.8）mg／h，氧化亚氮为（3.85～35.93）mg／h。  相似文献   

改善农学管理措施减少太湖稻麦轮作NH₃和NO排放     

赵淼  田玉华  张敏  姚元林  尹斌  朱兆良 《土壤》2015,47(4):836-841

以稻麦轮作为对象,采用密闭室-通气法和静态箱-化学发光法对太湖地区空白（不施氮肥）、当地常规（农民习惯管理方式）和保产增效（与当地常规相比,改善作物种植、水分和养分管理方式）3个处理下的氨（NH3）挥发和一氧化氮（NO）排放进行田间原位观测,研究保产增效措施对稻麦轮作NH3 挥发和NO排放的综合影响。结果表明,与当地常规相比,保产增效在施氮量减少25%的情况下,总作物产量没有降低,且农学利用率提高了39%;保产增效NH3挥发量在稻季和麦季分别减少了26%和44%;保产增效在稻季NO排放量较低（0.75±0.03 kg N/hm2）,与空白和当地常规均没有显著差异（p<0.05）,在麦季NO排放量则显著降低了49%。因此,保产增效措施不仅能保障高产和提高氮利用率,还能减少NH3和NO排放,值得在太湖地区推广。  相似文献   

Leaching of dissolved organic carbon in soil following anhydrous ammonia application     

D. E. Clay  S. A. Clay  Z. Liu  S. S. Harper 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(1):10-14

The transport of anhydrous NH₃-solubilized soil organic matter from surface to subsurface soils may affect subsurface microbial activity. In the present study we determined the impact of anhydrous NH₃-N fertilizer on organic C solubilization and the propensity of solubilized C to leach with percolating water. In fertilized treatments, anhydrous NH₃ was subsurface-banded at 20g N m^-2 in ridge or valley areas of a ridge tillage system. In contol treatments, 0g N m^-2 was banded into the valley area of a ridge tillage system. Rainfall (17 cm) was applied with a drop-type artificial rainfall simulator 3, 10, and 24 days after the fertilizer application. The treatments were replicated twice. Grid lysimeters (15 by 15 cm) were placed 75 cm below the soil surface of a Brandt silty clay loam (fine-silty over sandy or sandy skeletal mixed Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Lysimeters were used to collect percolating water temporally and spatially. The application of N fertilizer increased dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water when rainfall was applied 3 days after the fertilizer application. However, when the rainfall was applied 24 days after the fertilizer application the dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water was not influenced by anhydrous NH₃ application. The smaller dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water with a longer incubation time were most likely the result of microbial assimilation or respiration of solubilized C.  相似文献   

丹麦舍饲散养自然通风奶牛舍的空气环境分析   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11  

李保明  施正香  王朝元 《农业工程学报》2004,20(5):231-236

近年来，奶牛全舍饲散养工艺技术被欧美等国家越来越普遍地使用。全舍饲工艺中的舍内空气质量对奶牛的健康和生产性能影响很大，为较深入了解该工艺中热环境与其它有害气体的相应关系，通过对丹麦7个有代表性奶牛场进行温度、含湿量及几种主要有害气体的现场测试，对该工艺下舍内空气环境条件进行分析研究。结果表明：丹麦气候条件下全舍饲的自然通风牛舍，其舍内热湿状况受舍外温湿度及牛体本身的影响，在0～25℃范围内，舍温一般比舍外高1～3℃，舍外温度每升高1℃，舍内温度上升0.8℃，含湿量约增加1000 mg/m³；舍内各环境因素之间具有显著的相关性，温度、含湿量的高低对NH₃、CO₂、CH₄浓度均有影响；白天，由于自然通风量较大，这3种气体的平均浓度比夜间低20%左右。而N₂O在整个测量过程中并未发现显著变化。  相似文献   

氨气敏电极-标准加入法测定土壤脲酶活性     

袁霞  何斌  黎跃 《广西农业生物科学》2003,22(1):50-53

本文研究了用氨气敏电极－标准加入法测定土壤脲酶活性的新方法。该法使样品液和标准溶液均处于同一条件下测定，消除了土壤中基体对测定的影响，提高了方法的准确性。方法简便、快速，结果可靠，应用于不同土壤样品中脲酶活性的测定，相对标准偏差为1.78%-3.94%，回收率在98.3%-101.8%之间。  相似文献   

Improving In-House Air Quality in Broiler Production Facilities Using an Electrostatic Space Charge System     

《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(2):333-340

Reduction of airborne dust in enclosed animal housing has been shown to result in corresponding reductions in airborne bacteria, ammonia, and odor. The search for strategies to reduce particulate matter and ammonia emissions from animal housing has led to considerable interest in the poultry industry for practical systems to reduce these air emissions. Technologies that have been shown to be effective for reducing airborne dust in animal areas include misting with an oil spray, water mists, extra ventilation, and electrostatic space charge systems. An electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) was designed to reduce airborne dust and ammonia emissions from a commercial broiler production house. The ESCS for this application was based on patented technology developed to reduce airborne dust and pathogens. Two commercial broiler houses with built-up litter (a control house and one outfitted with an ESCS unit) were monitored for dust and ammonia concentrations over a period of 7 flocks. Results of this study indicate the ESCS significantly reduced airborne dust by an average of 43% and reduced ammonia by an average of 13%. Power consumption of the ESCS system was less than 100 W when in operation. Commercial application of this technology within the production house has the potential to improve in-house air quality and reduce particulate emissions.  相似文献   

慢性氨气暴露对肉鸡NK细胞杀伤活性和血清新城疫抗体效价和溶菌酶的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋弋  王忠  姚中磊  汪以真 《中国畜牧杂志》2009,45(7)

为探讨氨气对肉鸡免疫功能的影响,选择240只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,分别饲养在4个独立的、环境可控制的实验舱内。4个环控仓氨气浓度设计为0～3周龄分别为0、13、26mg/kg和52mg/kg;3～6周龄分别为0、20、40mg/kg和80mg/kg。结果表明:高浓度氨气暴露3周和6周,肉鸡血清溶菌酶均表现降低,其中3周龄溶菌酶降低较显著(P<0.05);肉鸡氨气暴露6周后,NK细胞杀伤活性显著下降(P<0.05),新城疫弱毒疫苗免疫效能显著降低(P<0.05)。这一结果表明肉鸡暴露在高浓度氨气环境中,其免疫功能会表现降低。  相似文献   

持续、低剂量金霉素对肉仔鸡肠道微生物、血氨、尿酸和生产性能的影响   总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12  

佟建明  萨仁娜 《畜牧兽医学报》2001,32(5):403-409

360只商品代Abor Acre肉用公鸡随机分为2组，每组4个重复，对照组金霉素的添加量为0mg/kg，处理组金霉素的添加量为150mg/kg，研究金霉素对肉仔鸡肠道微生物、血氨、尿酸和生产性能的影响。每隔7d检测肉仔鸡直肠和空肠中大肠杆菌、乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的变化情况，每隔2检测血液中氨和尿酸含量，每隔2周记录肉仔鸡体重和饲料消耗。试验结果表明，150mg/kg的金霉素对肉仔鸡的生长显著的促进作用，在3以前促进生长作用极显著（P＜0．01），3周之后作用显著（P＜0．05）；在33日龄前，对直肠中的大肠杆菌具有显著的抑制作用（P＜0．05），之后抑制作用消失（P＞0．05），对空肠中大肠杆菌的抑制作用在19日龄前显著（P＜0．05），之后作用消失（P＞0．05）；在12日龄前，对直肠和空肠中乳酸菌具有明显抑制作用（P＜0．05），之后作用消失（P＞0．05）；对直肠和空肠中双歧杆菌均无显著影响（P＞0．05）；极显著降低35日龄以前肉仔鸡血氨浓度（P＜0．05），之后作用效果降低，但仍显著（P＜0．05）；在21日龄前，显著降低血液尿酸含量（＜0．05），49日龄时作用效果不显著（P＞0．05）。研究表明，金霉素以低剂量、持续在饲料中添加时，对肉仔鸡的生长和采食具有显著的促进作用，这种促进作用与其抑制肠道中大肠杆菌、延缓肠道微生物的定植过程，以及降低血氨浓度有关。金霉素对肠道微生物的影响因菌种不同而有明显差异，而且对大肠杆菌不产生永久性抑制。血液尿酸含量的降低说明金霉素具有促进肉仔鸡氮沉积的作用。  相似文献   

Ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids in the bovine rumen after feeding with hay.     

K Jensen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1975,16(2):258-268

The effect of feeding level and interval between feedings on the fermentation pattern in the bovine rumen have been investigated in experiments with hay. The animals were completely adapted heifers fitted with rumen cannulas, and the parameters measured were ammonia, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio (NGGR) in the VFA mixture.Increasing feeding levels, ranging from 2/3 to 4/3 of maintenance level, resulted in higher average concentrations of VFA and lower pH in the rumen fluid. Further the highest level of intake caused a considerable diurnal variation in the pH and the concentration of total VFA, and increased the variation in the molar composition of the VFA mixture.Three feeding intervals ranging from 8 to 16 hrs., with hay administered at maintenance level, caused no changes in the fermentation pattern.Typical variations in the concentrations of ammonia and valeric acid as related to time after feeding were demonstrated, but the concentrations of the branched-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid were found to be quite constant.It may be concluded that a representative mean value of the parameters measured, except for ammonia and valeric acid, may be based on relatively few samples when feed intake does not exceed maintenance level, whereas sampling every hour is required at higher feeding levels.  相似文献